Photosensitive compositions based on polycyclic polymers

ABSTRACT

A copolymer composition including a copolymer having repeat units of structural formula I:                  
 
where X is selected from —CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH 2 — and O; m is an integer from 0 to 5; and each occurrence of R 1 –R 4  are independently selected from H; C 1  to C 25  linear, branched, and cyclic alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, alkenyl and alkynyl that can include one or more hetero atoms selected from O, N, and Si; a group that contains an epoxy functionality; —(CH 2 ) n C(O)OR 5 ; —(CH 2 ) n C(O)OR 6 ; —(CH 2 ) n OR 6 ; —(CH 2 ) n OC(O)R 6 ; —(CH 2 ) n C(O)R 6 ; —(CH 2 ) n OC(O)OR 6 ; and any combination of two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  linked together by a linking group. A portion of the repeat units having structural formula I contain at least one epoxy functional pendant group. The copolymer composition can be included with a material that photonically forms a catalyst in a photodefinable dielectric composition, which can be used to form a photodefinable layer on a substrate.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/393,726, filed Jul. 3, 2002, and entitled “PhotosensitiveCompositions Based on Polycyclic Polymers,” the disclosure of which ishereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to polycyclic polymers and particularly tophotodefinable polymer compositions that include polycyclic polymers.

2. Description of Related Art

The rapid development of the microelectronics industry has created agreat demand for photodefinable dielectric polymeric materials withimproved electrical characteristics for the packaging of each succeedinggeneration of microelectronic devices. Trends in the industry requireintegrated circuits that are smaller, faster, and consume less energy.To meet these demands, integrated circuitry and the packaging of suchcircuitry must be of higher density with sub-micron feature definitions.One method of increasing the number of components per chip is todecrease the minimum feature size on the chip. Consequently, conductinglines must be made thinner and placed in closer proximity to oneanother. The reduction in spacing between conducting lines in thecircuitry and packaging of such circuitry results in a concomitantincrease in the efficiency and speed of the circuit enabling greaterstorage capacity, faster processing of information, and lower energyrequirements. However, the reduction in spacing between conducting linescan cause an increase in capacitive coupling of the lines resulting ingreater crosstalk, higher capacitive losses, and an increased RC timeconstant.

In order to limit any such increase in capacitive coupling anddeleterious effects such as propagation delays, simultaneous switchingnoise and the like, considerable interest in high performance polymershaving a low dielectric constant has been shown. In addition, interestin such low dielectric constant materials having an appropriate modulusfor use in packaging integrated circuitry has also been shown. However,such here to known polymers can often be difficult to pattern, forexample, often the etch properties of such low dielectric constantpolymers and photoresist compositions used for patterning them are verysimilar. Accordingly, efforts to selectively remove portions of thepolymer can be problematic. To overcome this selectivity problem, it isknown to form an interposing material between the polymer and the resistcomposition where such interposing material can be selectively patternedto form a hard mask which subsequently can be used in the patterning ofthe underlying polymer material.

The additional steps required to form a hard mask are not cost effectiveand hence alternate methods for patterning the low dielectric constantpolymer material that do not require such steps would be advantageous.To this effect, U.S. Pat. No. 6,121,340 discloses a negative-workingphotodefinable dielectric composition comprising a photoinitiator and apolycyclic addition polymer comprising repeating units with pendanthydrolyzable functionalities (e.g., silyl ethers). Upon exposure to aradiation source, the photoinitiator catalyzes the hydrolysis of thehydrolyzable groups to effect selective crosslinking in the polymerbackbone to form a pattern. Thus the dielectric material of the '340patent is in and of itself photodefinable. However, the dielectriccompositions disclosed in the '340 patent disadvantageously require thepresence of moisture for the hydrolysis reaction to proceed. As known,the presence of such moisture in the dielectric layer can lead toreliability problems in completed devices and device packages.

Therefore, it would be desirable to provide low dielectric constantmaterials having an appropriate modulus for use in the microelectronicindustry that are in and of themselves photodefinable but which do notrequire the presence of moisture to be photodefined. In addition itwould be desirable to provide methods for the use of such photodefinablematerials and to provide microelectronic devices that employ suchphotodefineable materials as dielectric materials.

SUMMARY

Exemplary embodiments in accordance with the present invention aredirected to polymer compositions encompassing a copolymer containing abackbone having repeat units in accordance with structural formula I:

where X is selected from —CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂— and O; m is an integer from 0to 5; and each occurrence of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independentlyselected from one of the following groups:

(a) H, C₁ to C₂₅ linear, branched, and cyclic alkyl, aryl, aralkyl,alkaryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl;

(b) C₁ to C₂₅ linear, branched, and cyclic alkyl, aryl, aralkyl,alkaryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl containing one or more hetero atomsselected from O, N, and Si;

(c) an epoxy containing group of structural formula II:

where A is a linking group selected from C₁ to C₆ linear, branched, andcyclic alkylene, and R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from H,methyl, and ethyl;

(d) an epoxy containing group of structural formula III:

where p is an integer from zero to 6, R²³ and R²⁴ are as defined above,and each occurrence of R²¹ and R²² are independently selected from H,methyl and ethyl;

(e) —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OR⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OR⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)OR⁶,—(CH₂)_(n)OC(O)R⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)R⁶, and —(CH₂)_(n)OC(O)OR⁶; and

(f) any combination of two of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ linked together by alinking group selected from C₁ to C₂₅ linear, branched, and cyclicalkylene and alkylene aryl; wherein n is an integer of from 1 to 25, R⁵is an acid labile group, R⁶ is selected from H, C₁ to C₆ linear,branched, and cyclic alkyl, an epoxy containing group of structuralformula II as defined above; and where a portion of the repeat unitshaving structural formula I contain at least one epoxy functionalpendant group.

Other examples of the present invention are directed to photodefinabledielectric compositions that include polymer compositions as describedabove and a material that photonically forms a catalyst.

Further exemplary embodiments of the present invention are directed tomethods of forming a photodefinable layer on a substrate and includeproviding the substrate, coating at least one side of the substrate witha composition that includes the copolymer composition and the materialthat photonically forms a catalyst described above, exposing the layeron the coated substrate to radiation, and curing the radiation-exposedlayer.

Additional examples in accordance with the present invention aredirected to electrical or electronic devices containing a layer thatincludes or is derived from the photodefinable dielectric compositionsdescribed above, as well as devices made using methods in accordancewith the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers, values and/or expressionsreferring to quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, etc., usedherein are to be understood as modified in all instances by the term“about.”

Various numerical ranges are disclosed in this patent application.Because these ranges are continuous, they include every value betweenthe minimum and maximum values of each range. Unless expressly indicatedotherwise, the various numerical ranges specified in this specificationand in the claims are approximations that are reflective of the variousuncertainties of measurement encountered in obtaining such values.

As used herein, the term “polymer composition” is meant to include asynthesized copolymer, as well as residues from initiators, catalysts,and other elements attendant to the synthesis of the copolymer, wheresuch residues are understood as not being covalently incorporatedthereto. Such residues and other elements considered as part of thepolymer composition are typically mixed or co-mingled with the copolymersuch that they tend to remain with the copolymer when it is transferredbetween vessels or between solvent or dispersion media. Polymercomposition also includes materials added after synthesis of thecopolymer to provide specific properties to the polymer composition.

As used herein, the term “low K composition” refers in general to amaterial having a low dielectric constant, typically a material with adielectric constant less than that of thermally formed silicon dioxideand in particular to materials with a dielectric constant of less thanabout 3.9.

As used herein, the term “Modulus” is understood to mean the ratio ofstress to strain and unless otherwise indicated refers to the Young'sModulus or Tensile Modulus measured in the linear elastic region of thestress-strain curve. Modulus values are measured in accordance with ASTMmethod D1708-95.

As used herein, the terms “acid labile” and “acid labile group” refer toa portion of a molecule, i.e. a group, that will react in the presenceof acid in a catalytic manner.

As used herein, the term “photodefinable dielectric composition” refersto a composition capable of forming, in and of itself, a patterned layeron a substrate. That is to say a layer that does not require the use ofanother material layer formed thereover, for example a photoresistlayer, to form the patterned layer. In addition, such a photodefinabledielectric composition is understood as being useable as a permanentinsulative material and/or barrier or buffer layer in the preparation ofa wide variety of electrical and electronic devices, as a non-limitingexample, as a stress buffer layer in a semiconductor device package. Asused herein, the photodefinable composition can form layers that can beemployed in a pattern forming scheme with a variety of types ofelectromagnetic radiation, including but not limited to, ultra-violet(UV) radiation, deep ultraviolet (DUV) radiation, an electron beam, orX-ray radiation.

As used herein, the phrase “a material that photonically forms acatalyst” refers to materials that, when exposed to an appropriate formof energy, non-limiting examples being UV radiation, DUV radiation, anelectron beam, and X-ray radiation, will break down, decompose, or insome other way alter their molecular composition to form a compoundcapable of catalyzing a crosslinking reaction in the photodefinabledielectric composition.

As used herein, the term “cure” (or “curing”) is intended to refer tocrosslinking of the photodefinable dielectric composition components toresult in the development of the desired physical and chemicalproperties of the resultant film, non-limiting examples of such being alow dielectric constant, low moisture uptake properties, low modulus andresistance to chemicals. When processing the polymer composition, thecomposition may be partially cured in one processing step and the cure‘completed’ in a subsequent processing step.

Exemplary embodiments in accordance with the present invention aredirected to polymer compositions encompassing a copolymer containing abackbone having repeat units in accordance with structural formula I:

wherein X is selected from —CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂— and O; m is an integer from0 to 5, in some cases 0 to 3, and in other cases 0 to 2. Each occurrenceof R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ in structural formula I are independently selectedfrom one of the following groups:

(a) H, C₁ to C₂₅ linear, branched, and cyclic alkyl, aryl, aralkyl,alkaryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl;

(b) C₁ to C₂₅ linear, branched, and cyclic alkyl, aryl, aralkyl,alkaryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl containing one or more hetero atomsselected from O, N, and Si;

(c) an epoxy containing group of structural formula II:

wherein A is a linking group selected from C₁ to C₆ linear, branched,and cyclic alkylene and R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from H,methyl, and ethyl;

(d) an epoxy containing group of structural formula III:

wherein p is an integer from zero to 6, R²³ and R²⁴ are as definedabove, and each occurrence of R²¹ and R²² are independently selectedfrom H, methyl, and ethyl;

(e) —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OR⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OR⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)OR⁶,—(CH₂)_(n)OC(O)R⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)R⁶, and —(CH₂)_(n)OC(O)OR⁶; and

(f) any combination of two of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ linked together by alinking group selected from C₁ to C₂₅ linear, branched, and cyclicalkylene and alkylene aryl; wherein n is an integer of from 1 to 25, R⁵is an acid labile group, and R⁶ is selected from H, C₁ to C₆ linear,branched, and cyclic alkyl, an epoxy containing group of structuralformula II as defined above. In the inventive copolymer, a portion ofthe repeat units having structural formula I contain at least one epoxyfunctional pendant group.

Such exemplary embodiments can encompass a copolymer containing 65–75mole % of a first repeat unit of structural formula I, where R¹, R², andR³ are H, and R⁴ is decyl, and 25–35 mole % of a second repeat unit ofstructural formula I, wherein R¹, R², and R³ are H, and R⁴ is an epoxycontaining group of structural formula II, wherein A is methylene andR²³ and R²⁴ are H.

In structural formula I, any of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ can have a structureaccording to the formula —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OR⁵, where R⁵ is an acid labilegroup, i.e., a group that will react to from a carboxylic acid group inthe presence of acid in a catalytic manner. R⁵ can be any suitable acidlabile group and includes, but is not limited to, —C(CH₃)₃, —Si(CH₃)₃,—CH(R⁷)CH₂CH₃, —CH(R⁷)C(CH₃)₃, dicyclopropylmethyl,dimethylcyclopropylmethyl, and a compound described by one or more ofstructural formulas IV–X:

where R⁷ is selected from H and C₁ to C₆ linear, branched, and cyclicalkyl.

In another examplary embodiment in accordance with the presentinvention, the copolymer backbone further includes one or more repeatunits selected from repeat units having structural units XI–XV:

where X is defined as above, y is 0, 1, or 2; R¹² is selected from C₁ toC₆ linear, branched, and cyclic alkyl; and R¹⁵ is selected from H and C₁to C₄ linear and branched alkyl.

Further to this examplary embodiment, when the copolymer includes one ormore of repeat units XI–XV, those repeat units are present at a level ofat least 1 mole %, in some cases at least 2 mole %, and in other casesat least 3 mole % of the copolymer. Also, the copolymer includes one ormore of repeat units XI–XV at a level of up to 10 mole %, in some casesup to 9 mole %, in other cases up to 7 mole %, and in some situations upto 5 mole %. One or more of repeat units XI–XV can be present in thecopolymer between any range of values recited above.

Embodiments of the copolymer encompass repeat units in accordance withstructural formula I that contain an epoxy functional group.Advantageously, the epoxy groups, when suitably catalyzed, crosslinkwith neighboring epoxy groups to give a crosslinked polymer that isresistant to solvent attack. Such repeat units containing epoxyfunctional groups are included in the copolymer at a level of at least20 mole %, in some cases at least 25 mole %, and in other cases at least35 mole % of the copolymer. Also, the repeat units containing epoxyfunctional groups are included in the copolymer at a level of up to 95mole %, in some cases up to 75 mole %, in other cases 60 mole %, in somesituations up to 50 mole %, and in other situations up to 35 mole % ofthe copolymer. The amount of epoxy functional groups in the copolymer isdetermined based on the physical properties desired in the copolymerand/or photodefinable layers and cured layers containing or derived fromthe copolymer. The amount of epoxy functional groups in the copolymercan vary between any of the values recited above.

Such copolymer embodiments have excellent physical properties,particularly for use in photodefinable compositions for electrical orelectronic devices. For example low moisture absorption (less than 2weight percent), low dielectric constant (less than 3.9 low modulus(less than 3 GigaPascal (GPa)), low cure temperature (less than 200°Celsius (C)) and good solubility in many common organic solvents.

In an examplary embodiment of the present invention, the polymercomposition is a low K composition. As a low K composition, the polymercomposition, photodefinable dielectric compositions containing thepolymer composition, and/or cured layers and/or films derived from suchphotodefinable dielectric compositions have a dielectric constant ofless than 3.9. The dielectric constant of the polymer composition,photodefinable dielectric compositions containing the polymercomposition, and/or cured layers and/or films derived from suchphotodefinable dielectric compositions are typically at least 2.2, insome cases at least 2.3, and in other cases at least 2.5. Also, thedielectric constant of the polymer composition, photodefinabledielectric compositions containing the copolymer, the polymercomposition, and/or cured layers and/or films derived from suchphotodefinable dielectric compositions can be up to 3.3, in some casesup to 2.9, and in other cases up to 2.6. The dielectric constant issufficiently low to provide reduction of transmission delays andalleviation of crosstalk between conductive lines in electrical and/orelectronic devices containing the inventive polymer composition. Thedielectric constant of the copolymer, the polymer composition,photodefinable dielectric compositions containing the polymercomposition, and/or cured layers and/or films derived from suchphotodefinable dielectric compositions can vary between any of thevalues recited above.

In an examplary embodiment of the present invention, the modulus of thecopolymer, the polymer composition, the photodefinable dielectriccompositions containing the copolymer, and/or cured layers and/or filmsderived from such photodefinable dielectric compositions are typicallyat least 0.1 GPa, in some cases at least 0.2 GPa, and in other cases atleast 0.3 GPa. Also, the modulus of the copolymer, the polymercomposition, photodefinable dielectric compositions containing thecopolymer, and/or cured layers and/or films derived from suchphotodefinable dielectric compositions can be up to 3 GPa, in some casesup to 1 GPa, and in other cases up to 0.7 GPa. When the modulus is toolow, the material has a rubbery consistency and can be difficult tohandle in production. When the modulus is too high, high stress can becaused, leading to reliability issues. The modulus of the copolymer, thepolymer composition, photodefinable dielectric compositions containingthe copolymer, and/or cured layers and/or films derived from suchphotodefinable dielectric compositions can vary between any of thevalues recited above.

In other examplary embodiments, the polymer compositions arephotodefinable dielectric compositions containing polymer compositionsand/or cured layers and/or films derived from such photodefinabledielectric compositions that have a moisture absorption of less than 2weight percent, in some cases less than 0.8 weight percent, and in othercases less than 0.3 weight percent. It will be understood that suchembodiments provide for improved resistance to moisture absorption whencompared to other previously known photodefinable definable polymericmaterials.

As indicated above, epoxy functional group mole % in the copolymerbackbone determines many physical properties of the copolymer and/orphotodefinable layers and cured layers containing or derived from thecopolymer. As a non-limiting example, when the copolymer contains from15 mole % to 95 mole % repeat units containing epoxy groups, thecopolymer typically has a moisture absorption of less than 2 weightpercent and a dielectric constant of less than 3.3. In furthernon-limiting examples, when the copolymer includes repeat unitscontaining an epoxy at a level of from 20 mole % to 60 mole %, thecopolymer has a moisture absorption of less than 0.8 weight percent anda dielectric constant of less than 2.9; and when the copolymer includesrepeat units containing an epoxy at a level of from 25 mole % to 35 mole%, the copolymer has a moisture absorption of less than 0.3 weightpercent and a dielectric constant of less than 2.6.

As used herein, “moisture absorption” is determined by measuring weightgain in accordance with ASTM D570-98.

Copolymers in accordance with the present invention have a glasstransition temperature of at least 170° C., in some cases at least 200°C., and in some cases at least 220° C. Also, the inventive copolymer hasa glass transition temperature of up to 350° C., in some cases up to325° C., in other cases up to 300° C., and in some situations up to 280°C. The copolymer has a glass transition temperature that allows forprocessing of the polymer composition, photodefinable compositionscontaining the copolymer, and cured layers containing the copolymer. Asa non-limiting example, the glass transition temperature is sufficientto allow successful solder reflow during microchip production. The glasstransition temperature of the copolymer can vary between any of thevalues indicated above. As referred to herein, the glass transitiontemperature of the copolymer is determined using Dynamic MechanicalAnalysis (DMA) on a Rheometric Scientific Dynamic Analyzer Model RDAIIavailable from TA Instruments, New Castle, Del. according to ASTMD5026-95 (temperature: ambient to 400° C. at a rate of 5° C. perminute).

Copolymers in accordance with the present invention have a weightaverage molecular weight (Mw) of at least 10,000, in some cases at least30,000, in other cases at least 50,000, in some situations at least70,000, and in other situations at least 90,000. Also, such copolymershave a Mw of up to 500,000, in some cases up to 400,000, in other casesup to 300,000, in some situations up to 250,000, and in other situationsup to 140,000. Mw is determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC)using poly(norbornene) standards. The Mw of the copolymer is sufficientto provide the desired physical properties in the copolymer and/orphotodefinable layers and cured layers containing or derived from thecopolymer. The Mw of the copolymer can vary between any of the valuesstated above.

In an exemplary embodiment, the polymer composition also includes asolvent selected from reactive and non-reactive compounds. The solventcan be one or more of hydrocarbon solvents, aromatic solvents,cycloaliphatic cyclic ethers, cyclic ethers, acetates, esters, lactones,ketones, amides, aliphatic mono- and multivinyl ethers, cycloaliphaticmono- and multivinyl ethers, aromatic mono- and multivinyl ethers,cyclic carbonates, and mixtures thereof. Particular non-limitingexamples of solvents that can be used include cyclohexane, benzene,toluene, xylene, mesitylene, tetrahydrofuran, anisole, terpenenoids,cyclohexene oxide, α-pinene oxide,2,2′-[methylenebis(4,1-phenyleneoxymethylene)]bis-oxirane,1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol divinyl ether, bis(4-vinyloxyphenyl)methane,cyclohexanone, and decalin.

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention encompass polymercompositions that are photonically catalysed negative-workingphotosensitive polymer compositions useful as a protective coating forsubstrates used in printing wiring board applications, includingredistribution layers for build up multilayer devices and high densityinterconnect microvia substrates. Further to such examplary embodiments,the polymer compositions can be a photodefinable polymer compositionthat can be applied and patterned as a dielectric layer for thepackaging of integrated circuits to protect against environmental andmechanical stresses. Additionally, the photodefinable compositions areuseful as redistribution layers, passivation layers, and stress buffermaterials for conventional, chip scale, and wafer level packaging oflogic, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), discrete,memory, and passive devices. Thus, the photodefinable polymercompositions can be used in the fabrication of electronic devices, whichincorporate the photodefined polymer compositions as active (e.g.,stress buffer materials) or passive (e.g., passivation layer(s))components.

The inventive copolymer can be prepared by vinyl-additionpolymerization. A monomer composition that includes polycycloolefinmonomers as described in structure I and, optionally, structures XI–XVare polymerized in solution in the presence of a desired catalyst.Vinyl-addition catalysts useful in preparing the inventive copolymerinclude nickel and palladium compounds as disclosed in PCT WO 97/33198and PCT WO 00/20472.

A non-limiting example of a vinyl-addition catalyst useful in making thecopolymers utilized in this invention is represented by the formula:E_(n′)Ni(C₆F₅)₂where n′ is 1 or 2 and E represents a neutral 2 electron donor ligand.When n′ is 1, E preferably is a pi-arene ligand such as toluene,benzene, and mesitylene. When n′ is 2, E is preferably selected fromdiethyl ether, THF (tetrahydrofuran), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), anddioxane. The ratio of monomer to catalyst in the reaction medium canrange from about 5000:1 to about 50:1 in an exemplary embodiment of theinvention, and in another exemplary embodiment at a ratio of about2000:1 to about 100:1. The reaction can be run in a suitable solvent ata temperature range from about 0° C. to about 70° C. In an exemplaryembodiment, the temperature can range from about 10° C. to about 50° C.,and in another exemplary embodiment from about 20° C. to about 40° C.Catalysts of the above formula that can be used to make the inventivecopolymers include, but are not limited to,(toluene)bis(perfluorophenyl) nickel, (mesitylene)bis(perfluorophenyl)nickel, (benzene)bis(perfluorophenyl) nickel,bis(tetrahydrofuran)bis(perfluorophenyl) nickel, bis(ethylacetate)bis(perfluorophenyl) nickel, andbis(dioxane)bis(perfluorophenyl) nickel.

Suitable polymerization solvents for the free radical and vinyl additionpolymerization reactions include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbonand aromatic solvents. Hydrocarbon solvents useful in the inventioninclude, but are not limited to, to alkanes and cycloalkanes such aspentane, hexane, heptane, and cyclohexane. Non-limiting examples ofaromatic solvents include benzene, toluene, xylene, and mesitylene.Other organic solvents such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, acetates,e.g., ethyl acetate, esters, lactones, ketones, and amides are alsouseful. Mixtures of one or more of the foregoing solvents can beutilized as a polymerization solvent.

When utilizing the vinyl-addition nickel catalyst disclosed above, themolecular weight of the polymer can be controlled by employing amolecular weight modifying agent such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.6,136,499, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by referencein its entirety. In one aspect of the invention, α-olefins, (e.g.,ethylene, propylene, 1-hexene, 1-decene, and 4-methyl-1-pentene) aresuitable for molecular weight control.

As indicated above, exemplary embodiments of the present invention arealso directed to photodefinable dielectric compositions that include anembodiment of the copolymer and a material that photonically forms acatalyst.

Any suitable material that photonically forms a catalyst can be used inthe present invention. Non-limiting examples of suitable materials thatform a catalyst photonically include photoacid generators and photobasegenerators.

When a photoacid generator is used as the material that photonicallyforms a catalyst, the photoacid generator can include one or morecompounds selected from onium salts, halogen-containing compounds, andsulfonates. In an examplary embodiment of the present invention, thephotoacid generator includes one or more compounds selected from4,4′-ditertiarybutylphenyl iodonium triflate; 4,4′,4″-tris(tertiarybutylphenyl)sulphonium triflate; diphenyliodoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)sulphonium borate;triarylsulphonium-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-borate; triphenylsulfoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)sulphonium borate; 4,4′-ditertiarybutylphenyliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate; tris(tertiarybutylphenyl)sulphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate, and4-methylphenyl-4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl iodoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate.

Such photoacid generators are present at a level sufficient to promotecuring and crosslinking. Thus, when such photoacid generators areemployed in the photodefinable dielectric composition, such are presentin an amount of at least 0.5 percent by weight, in some cases at least0.75 percent by weight, and in other cases at least 1 percent by weightof the photodefinable dielectric composition. In some embodiments, thephotoacid generator is present in an amount of up to 10 percent byweight, in some cases up to 7.5 percent by weight, and in other cases upto 5 percent by weight of the photodefinable dielectric composition. Theamount of photoacid generator present in the photodefinable dielectriccomposition can vary between any of the values recited above.

Embodiments of copolymers in accordance with the present invention arepresent in the photodefinable dielectric composition at a levelsufficient to provide the above-described desired physical properties tothe resulting composition, as well as coated layers and cured layersformed from the photodefinable dielectric composition. In an examplaryembodiment of the present invention, the embodiment of the copolymer ispresent in the photodefinable dielectric composition in an amount of atleast 5 percent by weight, in some cases at least 15 percent by weight,and in other cases at least 25 percent by weight of the photodefinabledielectric composition. Also, the copolymer is present in thephotodefinable dielectric composition in an amount of up to 65 percentby weight, in some cases up to 60 percent by weight, and in other casesup to 55 percent by weight of the photodefinable dielectric composition.The amount of the copolymer embodiment present in the photodefinabledielectric composition can vary between any of the values recited above.

It will be understood that exemplary embodiments of the presentinvention, can include other suitable components and/or materials suchas are necessary for formulating and using the photodefinable dielectriccompositions in accordance with the present invention. Such othersuitable components and/or materials include one or more componentsselected from sensitizer components, solvents, catalyst scavengers,adhesion promoters, antioxidants, fire retardants, stabilizers, reactivediluents, and plasticizers.

Where appropriate, any suitable sensitizer component can be included inthe photodefinable dielectric compositions of the present invention.Such suitable sensitizer components include, but are not limited to,anthracenes, phenanthrenes, chrysenes, benzpyrenes, fluoranthenes,rubrenes, pyrenes, xanthones, indanthrenes, thioxanthen-9-ones, andmixtures thereof. In some exemplary embodiments, suitable sensitizercomponents include 2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one,4-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one, 1-chloro-4-propoxythioxanthone,phenothiazine, and mixtures thereof.

In exemplary embodiments of the present invention having both a materialthat photonically forms a catalyst and a sensitizer component, thelatter can be present in the photodefinable dielectric composition in anamount of at least 0.1 percent by weight, in some cases at least 0.5percent by weight, and in other cases at least 1 percent by weight ofthe photodefinable dielectric composition. Also, the sensitizercomponent is present in the photodefinable dielectric composition in anamount of up to 10 percent by weight, in some cases up to 7.5 percent byweight, and in other cases up to 5 percent by weight of thephotodefinable dielectric composition. The amount of sensitizercomponent present in the photodefinable dielectric composition in thisexemplary embodiment can vary between any of the values recited above.

When a catalyst scavenger is used emodiments of the photodefinabledielectric composition, it can include an acid scavenger and/or a basescavenger. A non-limiting example of a suitable base scavenger that canbe used in the present invention is trifluoro methylsulfonamide.Non-limiting examples of acid scavengers that can be used in the presentinvention include secondary amines and/or tertiary amines such as thoseselected from pyridine, phenothiazine, tri(n-propyl amine),triethylamine, and lutidine in any of its isomeric forms.

In exemplary embodiments of the present invention having both a materialthat photonically forms a catalyst and a catalyst scavenger, the lattercan be present in the photodefinable dielectric composition in an amountof at least 0.1 percent by weight, in some cases at least 0.25 percentby weight, and in other cases at least 0.5 percent by weight of thephotodefinable dielectric composition. Also, the catalyst scavenger ispresent in the photodefinable dielectric composition in an amount of upto 5 percent by weight, in some cases up to 4 percent by weight, and inother cases up to 3.5 percent by weight, of the photodefinabledielectric composition. The amount of catalyst scavenger present in thephotodefinable dielectric composition in this exemplary embodiment canvary between any of the values recited above.

In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the solvent includessuitable reactive and/or non-reactive compounds. Suitable solventcompounds include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbon solvents,aromatic solvents, cycloaliphatic cyclic ethers, cyclic ethers,acetates, esters, lactones, ketones, amides, cycloaliphatic vinylethers, aromatic vinyl ethers, cyclic carbonates and mixtures thereof.In this exemplary embodiment, the suitable solvent compounds include oneor more of cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene,tetrahydrofuran, anisole, cyclohexene oxide, α-pinene oxide,2,2′-[methylenebis(4,1-phenyleneoxymethylene)]bis-oxirane,1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol divinyl ether, bis(4-vinyloxyphenyl)methane,cyclohexanone, and decalin.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the solvent ispresent in the photodefinable dielectric composition in an amount of atleast 20 percent by weight, in some cases at least 30 percent by weight,in other cases at least 40 percent by weight, in some situations atleast 45 percent by weight, and in other situations at least 50 percentby weight of the photodefinable dielectric composition. The solvent ispresent in an amount sufficient to provide desired rheologicalproperties, a non-limiting example being viscosity, to thephotodefinable dielectric composition. Also, the solvent is present inthe photodefinable dielectric composition in an amount of up to 95percent by weight, in some cases up to 80 percent by weight, in othercases up to 70 percent by weight, and in some situations up to 60percent by weight of the photodefinable dielectric composition. Theamount of solvent present in the photodefinable dielectric compositionin this exemplary embodiment can vary between any of the values recitedabove.

Any suitable adhesion promoter can be used in the present invention.Suitable adhesion promoters improve the bond strength between a coatedlayer of photodefinable dielectric composition and the substrate uponwhich it is coated. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention,the adhesion promoter includes one or more compounds selected from3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane and compounds described by structural unitXVI:

wherein z is 0, 1, or 2; R⁸ is a linking group selected from C₁ to C₂₀linear, branched, and cyclic alkylene, alkylene oxide containing from 2to 6 carbon atoms, and poly(alkylene oxide), wherein the alkyleneportion of the repeat groups contains from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and thepoly(alkylene oxide) has a molecular weight of from 50 to 1,000; eachoccurrence of R⁹ is independently selected from C₁ to C₄ linear andbranched alkyl; and each occurrence of R¹⁸ is selected from H and C₁ toC₄ linear and branched alkyl.

Any suitable reactive diluent can be used in the present invention.Suitable reactive diluents improve one or more of the physicalproperties of the photodefinable dielectric composition and/or coatinglayers formed from the photodefinable dielectric composition. In someexemplary embodiments, the reactive diluents include one or morecompounds selected from epoxides and compounds described by structuralunits XVII and XVIII:CH₂═CH—O—R¹⁰—O—CH═CH₂  (XVII)CH₂═CH—O—R¹¹  (XVIII)where R¹⁰ is a linking group selected from C₁ to C₂₀ linear, branched,and cyclic alkylene, arylene and alkylene aryl, alkylene oxidecontaining from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, poly(alkylene oxide), wherein thealkylene portion of the repeat groups contain from 2 to 6 carbon atomsand the poly(alkylene oxide) has a molecular weight of from 50 to 1,000,—[—R¹³—N—C(O)—O—]_(m)—R¹³—, wherein each occurrence of R¹³ isindependently selected from C₁ to C₂₀ linear, branched, and cyclicalkylene, arylene, and alkylene aryl, and m is an integer of from 1 to20; and R¹¹ is selected from C₁ to C₂₀ linear and branched, alkyl, andalkylol.

In a further exemplary embodiments, the reactive diluents include one ormore reactive diluents selected from 1,4-butanediol divinyl ether,1,6-hexanediol divinyl ether, 1,8-octanediol divinyl ether,1,4-dimethanolcyclohexane divinyl ether, 1,2-ethylene glycol divinylether, 1,3-propylene glycol divinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, propylvinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinyl ether, cyclohexyl vinylether, octyl vinyl ether, decyl vinyl ether, dodecyl vinyl ether,octadecyl vinyl ether, 1,4-butanediol vinyl ether, 1,6-hexanediol vinylether, and 1,8-octanediol vinyl ether.

In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the reactive diluentis present in the photodefinable dielectric composition in an amount ofat least 0.5 percent by weight, in some cases at least 1 percent byweight, in other cases at least 2.5 percent by weight, in somesituations at least 5 percent by weight, and in other situations atleast 7.5 percent by weight of the photodefinable dielectriccomposition. The reactive diluent is present in an amount sufficient toprovide desired physical properties to the photodefinable dielectriccomposition and coating layers formed from the photodefinable dielectriccomposition. Also, the reactive diluent is present in the photodefinabledielectric composition in an amount of up to 95 percent by weight, insome cases up to 60 percent by weight, in other cases up to 30 percentby weight, and in some situations as little as 1 percent by weight ofthe photodefinable dielectric composition. The amount of reactivediluent present in the photodefinable dielectric composition in thisexemplary embodiment can vary between any of the values recited above.

When the photodefinable dielectric composition includes a solvent and/ora reactive diluent, the photodefinable dielectric composition is in afluid liquid solution form. In an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention, the solution viscosity of the photodefinable dielectriccomposition is at least 10 centipoise (cps), in some cases at least 100cps, and in other cases at least 500 cps. Also, the solution viscosityof the photodefinable dielectric composition is up to 25,000 cps, insome cases up to 20,000 cps, in other cases up to 15,000 cps, in somesituations up to 10,000 cps, in other situations up to 5,000 cps, and insome circumstances up to 3,000 cps. The solution viscosity is determinedat 25° C. using a suitable spindle on a Brookfield DV-E viscometer,available from Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Middleboro, Mass.The viscosity of an amount of the photodefinable dielectric compositionin this exemplary embodiment can vary between any of the values recitedabove.

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention is directed to a methodof forming a photodefinable layer on a substrate. The method includesthe steps of providing a substrate, coating at least one side of thesubstrate with the photodefinable dielectric composition describedabove, exposing the coated layer to radiation, and curing theradiation-exposed layer.

Any suitable method of coating may be used to coat the substrate withthe photodefinable dielectric composition. In an exemplary embodiment,suitable coating methods include, but are not limited to, spin coating,dip coating, brush coating, roller coating, spray coating, solutioncasting, fluidized bed deposition, extrusion coating, curtain coating,meniscus coating, screen or stencil printing and the like. In anexemplary embodiment of the present invention, spin coating and curtaincoating are used because of their simplicity and high uniformity. Castfilms from this embodiment of the photodefinable dielectric compositionhave superior properties such as toughness, craze resistance tosolvents, infrequent pinhole defects, excellent planarity, and adhesionamong other properties.

The coated layer can be exposed using any suitable source of energy forexposure. Suitable sources include radiation. Non-limiting examples ofradiation sources include, but are not limited to, photon radiationand/or an electron beam. In a non-limiting example the photon radiationis ultraviolet radiation at a wavelength of from 200 nm to 700 nm, insome cases 300 nm to 500 nm, and in other cases from 360 nm to 440 nm.In a further non-limiting example, the dose of radiation for exposing isfrom 50 mJ/cm² to 2,000 mJ/cm^(2.)

In an exemplary embodiment, the method of forming a photodefinable layeron a substrate includes the step of defining a pattern in the curedlayer. As a non-limiting example, the pattern can be defined byimagewise exposing the layer. In an exemplary embodiment, when the layeris imagewise exposed, it is typically imaged through a photomask byphoton radiation, non-limiting examples of which include electron beam,x-ray, ultraviolet, or visible radiation. Suitable radiation sourcesinclude mercury, mercury/xenon, xenon lamps, KrF laser, x-ray, ore-beam. Imagewise exposure of the photodefinable dielectric compositionof the invention can be accomplished at many different wavelengths asindicated above. In areas where the photodefinable coating is struck byphoton radiation, the sensitizer or photoacid generator becomes active,inducing the formation of a free acid. The free acid catalyzes thecrosslinking of the pendant epoxy groups on the polymer backbone, inturn, converting the photon-patterned areas of the polymer from asolvent soluble state to a solvent insoluble state. The soluble areas(non-photon-patterned areas of the polymer) are easily removed with anappropriate solvent developer.

In an exemplary embodiment, the method of forming a photodefinable layeron a substrate includes the step of developing the layer. Any suitablesolvent developer may be used in the present invention. Suitabledevelopers are those that are able to remove the soluble portion of thecured layer formed from the photodefinable dielectric composition.Suitable developers include, but are not limited to, toluene,mesitylene, xylene, decalin, limonene and BioAct EC-7R (a limonene basedsolvent composition formulated with surfactants) available fromPetroferm, Inc., Fernandina Beach, Fla.

Any suitable solvent development method can be used in the presentinvention. In an exemplary embodiment, suitable solvent developmentmethods include, but are not limited to, spray, puddle, and/or immersiontechniques. Spray development includes the step of spraying thepatterned polymer coated substrate with a continuous stream of atomizedor otherwise dispersed stream of developing solvent for a period of timesufficient to remove the non-crosslinked polymer from the substrate. Thepolymer coated substrate can be subjected to a final rinse with anappropriate solvent such as an alcohol. The puddle and immersiontechnique involves puddling developing solvent over the entire patternedcoating or immersing the patterned coated substrate into developingsolvent to dissolve the non-crosslinked polymer, and then rinsing thedeveloped substrate in additional developing solvent or anotherappropriate solvent (e.g., an alcohol). In all of the foregoingdevelopment techniques, the developed coated substrate can be spun athigh speed to remove residual solvent and solute.

The present method of forming a photodefinable layer on a substrateincludes a curing step. In an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention, the curing step follows the imagewise exposure step. Thecuring step can include a bake cycle. The bake cycle can increase thereaction rate of the epoxy crosslinking reaction. The acid species fromthe photoacid generators have increased mobility during the cure cycle,allowing the acid to find and react with non-crosslinked epoxyfunctionality, thereby further enhancing the pattern definition. Inexemplary embodiments of the invention, the curing step is conducted inan oven under inert atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen, argon, or helium) at atemperature of from about 50° C. to 200° C. for a period of time between5 minutes and 60 minutes; or from about 100° C. to about 150° C. for aperiod of time between 10 minutes and 40 minutes; or from about 110° C.to about 130° C. for between 15 minutes and 30 minutes; or from about90° C. to about 200° C. for a period of from 1 minute to 60 minutes.

When the photodefinable layer has been exposed to radiation and cured,the layer is in the form of a film covering at least a portion of asurface of the substrate. The film may have any suitable film thickness,typically determined to provide for the number, orientation, andconfiguration of conducting lines in the photodefined product. In anexemplary embodiment, films formed as described above have a thicknessof at least 0.1 microns, in some cases at least 0.2 microns, and inother cases at least 0.5 microns. Also, films formed according to thepresent invention have a thickness of up to 500 microns, in some casesup to 400 microns, in other cases up to 300 microns, in some situationsup to 250 microns, in other situations up to 200 microns, in somecircumstances up to 100 microns, and in other circumstances up to 50microns. In an exemplary embodiment, film thickness is a function ofsolution concentration, spin speed, and time in spin coating. The filmthickness of the radiation exposed and cured photodefinable layer inthis exemplary embodiment can vary between any of the values recitedabove.

In an exemplary embodiment of the method of forming a photodefinablelayer on a substrate includes a softbake cycle. In this exemplaryembodiment, the softbake cycle is employed to remove residual solvents.The softbake cycle also relaxes stress resulting from the flow of thephotodefinable layer film, increases the film's adhesion to thesubstrate, and hardens the film for more convenient handling duringprocessing. The softbake cycle is carried out under any suitableconditions. Suitable conditions include those sufficient to removeresidual solvent, but able to avoid oxidizing or thermal curing of theresin or undesired reactions of the formulation additives, and whichallows the resin to flow sufficiently to promote planarization. Theconditions will vary depending in part on the components of the polymercontaining formulation. Suitable softbake conditions include, but arenot limited to, temperatures of at least 90° C., in some cases at least100° C., and in other cases at least 110° C. and up to 140° C., in somecases up to 130° C., and in other cases up to 120° C. for at least 1minute, in some cases at least 2 minutes, in other cases at least 5minutes and up to 30 minutes, in some cases up to 20 minutes, and inother cases up to 10 minutes. The softbake can be performed in aconvection oven, belt oven, or on a hot plate. Suitable softbakeatmospheres include a vacuum, solvent vapor, air, and inert gasatmosphere such as nitrogen, argon, and helium.

In an exemplary embodiment of the method of forming a photodefinablelayer on a substrate, the method includes includes a final cure step. Inthis step, the solvent developed coated substrate is post baked in anoven under inert atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen, argon, or helium) at atemperature ranging from about 50° C. to about 200° C., and in somecases 100° C. to 200° C. to achieve a final cure and to remove anyresidual developing and/or rinsing solvent. In some embodiments it isfound that including a blanket exposure of the layer as part of thefinal cure step is effective in achieving the final cure. Generally suchexposure is in addition to the thermal post bake and has is of a rangeof energies from about 200 mJ to about 500 mJ, inclusive.

As a result of the various curing steps and as a result of thecumulative effect of the various curing steps, the crosslinking reactionis completed as the thermosetting epoxy polymer continues to react. Inan exemplary embodiment of the present invention, after the final curestep, the glass transition temperature of the crosslinked polymer filmhas been increased from 180° C. to greater than 250° C. As is known tothose skilled in the art, the final glass transition temperature of athermoset polymer is typically equivalent to the cure temperature usedfor the final cure. This is due to the limitations of molecular mobilityas the curing polymer changes from a rubbery solid to a glassy solid atthe Tg. A significant advantage of the present photodefinablecompositions is that the final cure temperature is below the Tg of theuncrosslinked polymer solid, and yet an increase in the Tg of up to 70°C. is observed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) after thecrosslinking reaction is completed.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention and in lieu ofphotoimaging and subsequent pattern development, the desired featuredefinitions can be created by well-known etching techniques ontocrosslinked films deposited from the polymer compositions of the presentinvention. In this exemplary embodiment, a polymer composition layer isformed by steps including providing a substrate, fixing a film to thesubstrate by depositing a solution containing a material thatphotonically forms a catalyst and the inventive polymer composition, andthermally curing the solution.

In the “in lieu of photoimaging” exemplary embodiment, the method caninclude a softbaking step as described above. In this exemplaryembodiment, instead of photo-crosslinking the deposited coating or filmin desired areas, the entire film is thermally crosslinked. Selectedfeature definitions are subsequently patterned into the crosslinked filmby a suitable etching technique, such as, for example, reactive ionetching (R.I.E.) or laser ablation at selected wavelengths. The thermalcrosslinking reaction is initiated by a thermal curing agent whichgenerates an acid upon thermal activation. The thermally generated acidin turn catalyzes the crosslinking reaction of the epoxy functionality.The thermal curing agents or thermal acid generators include many of thephotacid generators set forth above. In addition to photo-activation, itis well known that photoacid generators can be activated at elevatedtemperatures. Generally, the activation temperatures range from about25° C. to about 250° C. Suitable thermal acid generators include theonium salts, halogen containing compounds and sulfonates set forthabove. It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that anythermally activated initiator can be employed so long as it is capableof initiating a crosslinking reaction of the epoxy functionality on thepolymer backbone. Examples of such thermal curing agents or thermal acidgenerators include, but are not limited to, imidazoles, primary,secondary, and tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium salts, anhydrides,polysulfides, polymercaptans, phenols, carboxylic acids, polyamides,quaternary phosphonium salts, and combinations thereof.

The coated, patterned, developed, and cured films of the presentinvention have superior properties such as a low dielectric constant,low moisture absorption, toughness, craze resistance to solvents, andadhesion among other properties. Polymer films with at least some ofthese properties are useful in the fabrication of microelectronicdevices where high-density packaging, interconnection, and fine featuressuch as microvias are required.

Layers formed from the photodefinable dielectric composition of theinvention and cured and patterned layers and films made using themethods described herein, together with their associated substrates, areuseful as or as components of electrical and/or electronic devices. Inan exemplary embodiment of the invention, the electrical and/orelectronic devices are semiconductor devices. In another exemplaryembodiment, the electrical or electronic devices are selected from alogic chip, a passive device, a memory chip, a microelectromechanicalsystem (MEMS) chip, a microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS) chip,and an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip.

The following examples are for illustrative purposes and are notintended to limit the invention in any way. Ratios of repeating unitsincorporated into the polymer backbones are given in molar weightpercent.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Polymer Synthesis

This example illustrates the synthesis of a 50/50 copolymer polymerizedfrom decyl norbornene/glycidyl methyl ether norbornene). All glasswarewas dried at 60° C. under a 0.1 torr vacuum for 18 hours. The glasswarewas then transferred into a glovebox and the reaction vessel wasassembled inside the glovebox. Ethyl acetate (917 g), cyclohexane (917g), decyl norbornene (137 g, 0.585 mol) and glycidyl methyl ethernorbornene (105 g, 0.585 mol) were added to the reaction vessel. Thereaction vessel was removed from the glove box and connected to a drynitrogen line. The reaction medium was degassed by passing a stream ofnitrogen gas through the solution for 30 minutes. Inside the glovebox,9.36 g (19.5 mmol) of a nickel catalyst, i.e.,bis(toluene)bis(perfluorophenyl) nickel, was dissolved in 15 ml oftoluene, taken up in a 25 mL syringe, removed from the glovebox andinjected into the reactor. The reaction was stirred at 20° C. for 5hours. At this time peracetic acid (50 molar equivalents based on thenickel catalyst—975 mmol) solution (glacial acetic acid diluted withapproximately 750 ml deionized water and 33 g of 30 wt. % hydrogenperoxide diluted with approximately 250 ml deionized water) was addedand the solution was stirred for 18 hours. Stirring was stopped andwater and solvent layers were allowed to separate. The water layer wasremoved and 1 liter of distilled water was added. The solution wasstirred for 20 minutes. The water layer was permitted to separate andwas removed. The wash with 1 liter of distilled water was performed atotal of 3 times. Polymer was then precipitated by addition intomethanol. The solid polymer was recovered by filtration and driedovernight at 60° C. in a vacuum oven. 222 g of dry polymer (94%conversion) was recovered after drying. Polymer molecular weight by GPCMw=114,000 Mn=47, 000, polydispersity (PDI)=2.42. Polymer Tg by DMA=180°C. Polymer composition by ¹H NMR 48 mole % decyl Norbornene:52 mole %epoxy Norbornene.

Example 2 Polymer Synthesis

This example illustrates the synthesis of a 70/30 copolymer polymerizedfrom decyl norbornene/glycidyl methyl ether norbornene). All glasswarewas dried at 60° C. under a 0.1 torr vacuum for 18 hours. The glasswarewas then transferred into a glovebox and the reaction vessel wasassembled inside the glovebox. Ethyl acetate (917 g), cyclohexane (917g), decyl norbornene (192 g, 0.82 mol) and glycidyl methyl ethernorbornene (62 g, 0.35 mol) were added to the reaction vessel. Thereaction vessel was removed from the glove box and connected to a drynitrogen line. The reaction medium was degassed by passing a stream ofnitrogen gas through the solution for 30 minutes. Inside the glovebox,9.36 g (19.5 mmol) of a nickel catalyst, i.e.,bis(toluene)bis(perfluorophenyl) nickel, was dissolved in 15 ml oftoluene, taken up in a 25 mL syringe, removed from the glovebox andinjected into the reactor. The reaction was stirred at 20° C. for 5hours. At this time peracetic acid (50 molar equivalents based on thenickel catalyst—975 mmol) solution (glacial acetic acid diluted withapproximately 750 ml deionized water and 33 g of 30 wt. % hydrogenperoxide diluted with approximately 250 ml deionized water) was addedand the solution was stirred for 18 hours. Stirring was stopped andwater and solvent layers were allowed to separate. The water layer wasremoved and 1 liter of distilled water was added. The solution wasstirred for 20 minutes. The water layer was permitted to separate andwas removed. The wash with 1 liter of distilled water was performed atotal of 3 times. The polymer was then precipitated by addition intomethanol. The solid polymer was recovered by filtration and driedovernight at 60° C. in a vacuum oven. 243 g of dry polymer (96%conversion) was recovered after drying. Polymer molecular weight by GPCMw=115,366 Mn=47,424, polydispersity (PDI)=2.43. Polymer composition by¹H NMR: 70 mole % decyl norbornene; 30 mole % glycidyl methyl ethernorbornene.

Example 3 Polymer Synthesis

A 40/60 copolymer prepared from decyl norbornene/glycidyl methyl ethernorbornene was synthesized in the following manner. All glassware wasdried at 160° C. for 18 hours. The dry glassware was transferred into aglove box and the reaction vessel was assembled inside the glove box.Toluene (670 g), decyl norbornene (29.43 g, 0.144 mol), glycidyl methylether norbornene (16.6 g, 0.212 mol) were added to the 1L reactionvessel. The reaction vessel was removed from the glove box and connectedto a dry nitrogen line. The reaction solution was degassed by passing astream of nitrogen gas through the solution for 30 minutes. Inside theglove box, 1.59 g (3.63 mmol) of bis(toluene)bis(perfluorophenyl) nickelcatalyst was dissolved in 7 ml of toluene, taken up in a 10 mL syringe,removed from the glove box and injected into the reactor. The reactionwas stirred at 20° C. for 1 hour. At this time 180 g of Amberlite®IRC-718 ion exchange resin was added to the reaction vessel and thereaction was stirred for 5 hours at ambient temperature. The solutionwas filtered to remove the resin and the polymer was then precipitatedby addition into 3 L of methyl alcohol. The solid polymer was recoveredby filtration and dried overnight at 60° C. in a vacuum oven. 74.0 g ofdry polymer (92.5% conversion) was recovered after drying. Mw 164,941Mn=59,454, PDI=2.77, Polymer composition by ¹H NMR: 41 mole % decylnorbornene, 59 mole % glycidyl methyl ether norbornene.

Example 4 Polymer Synthesis

The synthesis of a copolymer polymerized from decyl norbornene/glycidylether norbornene (70/30) having varying molecular weights isillustrated. The synthesis was performed under an inert atmosphere ofnitrogen gas. Glassware was washed with Alconox® detergent and rinsedthree times with distilled water. All glassware was dried at 120° C.overnight in a forced air oven. Solvents and monomers were degassedbefore use by passing a stream of dry nitrogen through the liquid for atleast one hour. Solutions of catalyst and cocatalyst were prepared in adry box. The catalyst was prepared by dissolving 0.00189 g(allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate (756 g/mol) in0.4 mL of methylene chloride resulting in 0.00625 Molar solution. Thecocatalyst was prepared by dissolving 0.011 g lithiumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (875 g/mol) into 25 g of tolueneresulting in a 457×10⁻⁹ mol/mL solution. The reagent 1-hexene was addedas a chain transfer agent for purposes of controlling molecular weight,in the portions indicated in the table below. To a dry crimp cap vial,solvents, monomers, catalysts, and cocatalyst were added in thefollowing order:

TABLE I Reagent Mass (g) MW (g/mol) Molar Mass (mol) 1.Toluene 50 2.Monomers AGE-NB 2.05 g 234 8.75 mmol Decyl-NB 0.68 g 162 3.75 mmol 3.1-hexene 0.42–0.84 g 84.16 40–80 mol % 4. LiFABA 0.0109 g 875 g/mol0.0125 mmol 5. Pd catalyst 0.00189 g 756 g/mol 0.0025 mmol GE-NB =glycidyl methyl ether norbornene Decyl-NB = decyl norbornene LiFABA =lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate Pd Catalyst =(allyl)palladium(tricyclohexylphosphine)trifluoroacetate

Each component was added with constant stirring. The sample vial wascrimp capped under nitrogen, and placed in a fumehood where it wasimmersed in a silicon oil bath at 30° C. to stir for 4.5 hours. Thesamples were then opened, and precipitated by adding the viscoussolution in a dropwise manner, to methanol. The resulting solid isfiltered through a size M glass frit funnel. To ensure the eliminationof all traces of residual monomer, the precipitated polymer wasdissolved in toluene, and precipitated into methanol. The precipitatedpolymer was recovered by filtration and dried under vacuum for 18 hoursat 70° C. and weighed.

Mol % 1- % Molecular weight Reaction Hexene Conversion (Mw/Mn) PDI 1 4085 192/71  2.70 2 60 89 93/36 2.58 3 80 59 56/28 2.00

Example 5 Polymer Synthesis

A 50/50 copolymer polymerized from hexyl norbornene and 5-norbornenecarboxylic acid-2-methyl-2,3-epoxypropylester was prepared according tothe following procedure. A 25 mL Wheaton serum bottle and a magneticstir bar were placed in an oven to dry at 160° C. for 18 hours. The drybottle was transferred into a nitrogen atmosphere glove box. The vialwas charged with hexyl norbornene (1.78 g, 0.01 mol) and 5-norbornenecarboxylic acid-2-methyl-2,3-epoxypropyl ester (2.08 g, 0.01 mol) and12.0 g of toluene. The bottle was sealed with a Teflon® lined crimp capand the bottle was removed to a fumehood. The reaction medium wasdegassed by bubbling dry nitrogen gas through the solution for 10minutes. Inside the glove box, (0.0973 g, 0.20 mmol) ofbis(toluene)bis(perfluorophenyl) nickel catalyst was dissolved in 3.3 mLof toluene, taken up in a 10 mL syringe, removed from the glove box andinjected into the reaction vial. The reaction mixture was stirred atambient temperature for 48 hours. To the reaction bottle was added 0.56g of Amberlite® IRC-718 ion-exchange resin available from the Rohm andHaas Company and the solution was mixed for a further 5 hours. The resinwas removed by filtration. The polymer was precipitated into 100 mL ofmethanol and recovered by filtration. The precipitated polymer waswashed with 25 mL of methanol and the dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C.for 18 hours. 1.80 g (47% yield) of dry polymer was recovered.

Example 6 Polymer Synthesis

A 65/25/10 copolymer prepared from decyl norbornene/glycidyl methylether norbornene/t-butyl ester norbornene was synthesized in thefollowing manner. All glassware was dried at 160° C. for 18 hours. Thedry glassware was transferred into a glove box and the reaction vesselwas assembled inside the glove box. Toluene (750 g), decyl norbornene(56.2 g, 0.24 mol), glycidyl methyl ether norbornene (16.6, 0.091 mol)and t-butyl ester norbornene (7.17 g, 0.088 mol) were added to the 1 Lreaction vessel. The reaction vessel was removed from the glove box andconnected to a dry nitrogen line. The reaction solution was degassed bypassing a stream of nitrogen gas through the solution for 30 minutes.Inside the glove box, 1.80 g (4.1 mmol) ofbis(toluene)bis(perfluorophenyl) nickel catalyst was dissolved in 8 mlof toluene, taken up in a 10 mL syringe, removed from the glove box andinjected into the reactor. The reaction was stirred at 20° C. for 1hour. At this time 180 g of Amberlite® IRC-718 ion-exchange resin wasadded to the reaction vessel and the reaction was stirred for 5 hours atambient temperature. The solution was filtered to remove the resin andthe polymer was then precipitated by addition into 3 L of methanol. Thesolid polymer was recovered by filtration and dried overnight at 60° C.in a vacuum oven. 74.0 g of dry polymer (92.5% conversion) was recoveredafter drying. Mw=122,208 Mn=50,743, PDI=2.41.

Example 7 Polymer Synthesis

A 65/25/10 copolymer prepared from hexyl norbornene/glycidyl methylether norbornene/t-butyl ester norbornene was synthesized in thefollowing manner. All glassware was dried at 160° C. for 18 hours. Thedry glassware was transferred into a glove box and the reaction vesselwas assembled inside the glove box. Toluene (750 g), hexyl norbornene(51.39 g, 0.288 mol), glycidyl methyl ether norbornene (19.98 g, 0.11mol) and t-butyl ester norbornene (8.62 g, 0.044 mol) were added to the1 L reaction vessel. The reaction vessel was removed from the glove boxand connected to a dry nitrogen line. The reaction solution was degassedby passing a stream of nitrogen gas through the solution for 30 minutes.Inside the glove box, 2.16 g (4.9 mmol) ofbis(toluene)bis(perfluorophenyl) nickel catalyst was dissolved in 8 mlof toluene, taken up in a 10 mL syringe, removed from the glove box andinjected into the reactor. The reaction was stirred at 20° C. for 1hour. At this time 180 g of Amberlite® IRC-718 ion-exchange resin wasadded to the reaction vessel and the reaction was stirred for 5 hours atambient temperature. The solution was filtered to remove the resin andthe polymer was then precipitated by addition into 3 L of MeOH. Thesolid polymer was recovered by filtration and dried overnight at 60° C.in a vacuum oven. 69.8 g of dry polymer (87.2% conversion) was recoveredafter drying. Mw=127,866 Mn=51,433, PDI=2.48.

Example 8 Polymer Synthesis

This example illustrates the preparation of a 40/55/5 copolymerpolymerized from decylnorbornene/glycidyl methyl ethernorbornene/triethoxysilyl norbornene. All glassware was dried at 160° C.for 18 hours. The dry glassware was transferred into a glove box and thereaction vessel was assembled inside the glove box. Ethyl acetate (280g), cyclohexane (280 g), decyl norbornene (34.7 g, 0.16 mol), glycidylmethyl ether norbornene (39.6 g, 0.22 mol) and triethoxysilylnorbornene(2.56 g, 0.01 mol) were added to the reaction vessel. The reactionvessel was removed from the glove box and connected to a dry nitrogenline. The reaction solution was degassed by passing a stream of nitrogengas through the solution for 30 minutes. Inside the glove box, 1.92 g(4.0 mmol) of bis(toluene)bis(perfluorophenyl) nickel catalyst wasdissolved in 15 ml of toluene, taken up in a 25 mL syringe, removed fromthe glove box and injected into the reactor. The reaction was stirred at20° C. for 5 hours. At this time 1.93 g 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) wasadded to the reaction vessel and the reaction was stirred for 18 hoursat ambient temperature. The solution was washed with methanol (5×200 mL)to remove the 8-HQ/Ni chelate. 50 g of Amberlite® IRC-718 ion exchangeresin was added to the reaction vessel and the solution was stirredovernight at ambient temperature. The resin beads were removed byfiltration and the polymer was then precipitated by addition intomethanol. A solid polymer was recovered by filtration and driedovernight at 60° C. in a vacuum oven. 55.0 g of dry polymer (76%conversion) was recovered after drying. The polymer was found to haveMw=174,000 and Mn=60,000 daltons. The polydispersity index was 2.9.

Example 9 Preparation of Photodefinable Composition

A polymer solution was prepared using the 256.5 g of the polymerobtained in Example 2. The polymer was placed into a 1-liter wide mouthglass bottle and 313.5 g of electronic grade mesitylene was added. Thebottle was sealed with a Teflon® lined polyethylene cap and the polymerwas uniformly dispersed by rolling the bottle at 50 rpm for 18 hours.The polymer solution was filtered through a 0.45 micron Teflon® filterto remove any particulate matter. This operation was performed under alaminar flow hood in a class 1000 clean room. The filtered polymersolution was collected in a class 1000 clean room bottle. The finalconcentration of the polymer in solution was determined by gravimetricanalysis to be 45.0 wt. %. 20.0 g of polymer solution was weighed into a50-mL amber clean room bottle. All additives were weighed out separatelyinto 10-mL beakers and then dissolved in 5.0 g of anisole. The additivepackage included Rhodorsil® PI 2074 (4-methylphenyl-4-(1methylethyl)phenyliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) availablefrom Rhodia. (0.2757 g, 2.71×10−4 mol), SpeedCure® CPTX1-chloro-4-propoxy-9H-thioxanthone available from Lambson Group Inc.(0.826 g, 0.271 mmol), phenothiazine (Aldrich Chemical Company) (0.054g, 0.271 mmol), and Irganox® 1076 antioxidant(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate) from Ciba Fine Chemicals.(0.1378 g, 2.60×10⁻⁴ mol). The materials were dissolved into 5.0 g ofanisole and the solution was filtered through a 0.22 micron syringefilter as it was added to the polymer solution. The solution was rolledat 50 rpm for 18 hours to disperse the additives in the polymersolution.

Example 10 Preparation of Photodefinable Composition

256.5 g of the polymer obtained in Example 2 was used to prepare a 45weight % polymer solution in mesitylene a described in Example 9. 20.0 gof the polymer solution (45.0 wt. % solids) was weighed into a 50-mLamber clean room bottle. Formulation additives were weighed outseparately into 10-mL beakers and then dissolved in 5.0 g of anisole.The additives were Rhodorsil® PI 2074 (4-methylphenyl-4-(1 methylethyl)phenyliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) (0.184 g, 0.181 mmol),Isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (First Cure ITX Albemarle 0.046 g, 0.181mmol), phenothiazine (Aldrich Chemical Co. 0.036 g, 0.181 mmol) andIrganox® 1076 antioxidant (CIBA Fine Chemicals) (0.1378 g, 2.60×10⁻⁴mol). The materials were dissolved into 5.0 g of anisole and thesolution was filtered through a 0.22-micron syringe filter as it wasadded to the polymer solution. The solution was rolled at 50 rpm for 18hours to disperse the additives in the polymer solution.

Example 11 Preparation of Photodefinable Composition

A polymer solution was prepared using the 228.0 g of the polymerobtained in Example 2. The polymer was placed into a 1-liter wide mouthglass bottle and 342.0 g of decahydronaphthalene was added. The bottlewas sealed with a Teflon® lined polyethylene cap and the polymer wasuniformly dispersed by rolling the bottle at 50 rpm for 18 hours. Thepolymer solution was filtered through a 0.45 micron Teflon® filter toremove any particulate matter. This operation was performed under alaminar flow hood in a class 1000 clean room. The filtered polymersolution was collected in a clean (0 particles greater than 0.5microns—Eagle Pitcher Co.) glass bottle. The final concentration of thepolymer in solution was determined by gravimetric analysis to be 40.0wt. %. 20.0 g of polymer solution was weighed into a 50-mL amber cleanroom bottle. All additives were weighed out separately into 10-mLbeakers and then dissolved in 5.0 g of anisole. The additive packageincluded Rhodorsil® PI 2074 (4-methylphenyl-4-(1methylethyl)phenyliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) availablefrom Rhodia. (0.2757 g, 2.71×10−4 mol), Isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one(FirstCure ITX Albemarle 0.046 g, 0.181 mmol), phenothiazine (AldrichChemical Company) (0.054 g, 0.271 mmol), and Irganox® 1076 antioxidant(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate) from Ciba Fine Chemicals(0.1378 g, 2.60×10⁻⁴ mol). The materials were dissolved into 5.0 g ofanisole and the solution was filtered through a 0.22 micron syringefilter as it was added to the polymer solution. The solution was rolledat 50 rpm for 72 hours to disperse the additives in the polymersolution.

Example 12 Preparation of Photodefinable Composition

A polymer solution was prepared as set forth in Example 9. 20.0 g of thepolymer solution containing the polymer synthesized in Example 1 (45.0wt. % solids) was weighed into a 50-mL amber clean room bottle.Formulation additives were weighed out separately into 10-mL beakers andthen dissolved in 5.0 g of anisole. The additives were Rhodorsil® PI2074 (4-methylphenyl-4-(1 methylethyl)phenyliodoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) (0.184 g, 0.181 mmol),Isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (FirstCure ITX 0.046 g, 0.181 mmol),phenothiazine (Aldrich Chemical Co. 0.036 g, 0.181 mmol) and Irganox®1076 antioxidant (CIBA Fine Chemicals) (0.1378 g, 2.60×10⁻⁴ mol). Thematerials were dissolved into 5.0 g of anisole and the solution wasfiltered through a 0.22-micron syringe filter as it was added to thepolymer solution. The solution was rolled at 50 rpm for 18 hours todisperse the additives in the polymer solution.

Example 13 Preparation of Photodefinable Composition

A polymer solution was prepared as set forth in Example 11. 20.0 g ofthe polymer solution containing the polymer synthesized in Example 2(40.0 wt. % solids) was weighed into a 50-mL amber clean room bottle.Formulation additives were weighed out separately into 10-mL beakers andthen dissolved in 5.0 g of anisole. The additives were Rhodorsil® PI2074 (4-methylphenyl-4-(1 methylethyl)phenyliodoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) (0.184 g, 0.181 mmol),Isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (FirstCure ITX 0.046 g, 0.181 mmol),phenothiazine (Aldrich Chemical Co. 0.036 g, 0.181 mmol), Irganox® 1076antioxidant (CIBA Fine Chemicals) (0.1378 g, 0.26 mmol) and3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (Sigma-Aldrich) (0.4595 g, 1.94mmol). The materials were dissolved into 5.0 g of anisole and thesolution was filtered through a 0.22-micron syringe filter as it wasadded to the polymer solution. The solution was rolled at 50 rpm for 18hours to disperse the additives in the polymer solution.

Example 14 Preparation of Photodefinable Composition

A polymer solution was prepared as set forth in Example 9. 20.0 g of thepolymer solution containing the polymer synthesized in Example 1 (45.0wt. % solids) was weighed into a 50 mL amber clean room bottle.Formulation additives were weighed out separately into 10 mL beakers andthen dissolved in 5.0 g of anisole. The additives were DTBPI-TFdi(4-tertbutylphenyl)Iodonium triflate (PAG) (0.2757 g, 5.08×10⁻⁴ mol)(Toyo Gosei Kogyo Tokyo), 9-methoxyanthracene (sensitizer) (0.1378 g,6.62×10⁻⁴ mol), and Irganox® 1076 antioxidant (0.1378 g, 2.60×10⁻⁴ mol)(CIBA Fine Chemicals). The materials were dissolved into 5.0 g ofmesitylene and the solution was filtered through a 0.22 micron syringefilter as it was added to the polymer solution. The solution was rolledat 50 rpm for 18 hours to disperse the additives in the polymersolution.

Example 15 Formulation of Polymer Composition

A polymer solution was prepared as set forth in Example 9. 72.81 g ofthe polymer solution containing the polymer synthesized in Example 2(45.0 weight % solution) was weighed into a 100 mL amber clean roombottle. Formulation additives were weighed out separately into 10-mLbeakers and then dissolved in 5.0 g of anisole. The additives wereRhodorsil® PI 2074 (4-methylphenyl-4-(1 methylethyl)phenyliodoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) (1.6251 g, 1.587 mmol),1-chloro-4-propoxy-9H-thioxanthone (SpeedCure CPTX 0.4837 g, 1.587mmol), and Irganox® 1076 antioxidant (CIBA Fine Chemicals) (0.1378 g,2.60×10⁻⁴ mol). The materials were dissolved into 5.0 g of anisole andthe solution was filtered through a 0.22-micron syringe filter as it wasadded to the polymer solution. To this solution was added the reactivesolvent 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol divinyl ether (3.205 g, 0.166 mol).The solution was rolled at 50 rpm for 18 hours to disperse the additivesin the polymer solution.

Example 16 Imaging of Photodefinable Composition

A 2.5 g aliquot of the composition described in Example 9 was taken upin an Eppendorf pipette and applied to a 4 inch Silicon wafer. Thesilicon wafer was spun using a CEE 1000CB Wafer Spin Station at 500 rpmfor 10 seconds followed by spinning at 1000 rpm for 60 seconds. Thewafer was placed on a hot plate heated at 100° C. for 10 minutes toflash off the residual solvent. The wafer was imagewise exposed to 500mJ/cm² at 365 nm radiation through a patterned chrome plated glass maskon an AB M Mask Aligner. The wafer was heated at 100° C. for 20 minutesin a Despatch LND nitrogen oven to advance the crosslinking reaction inthe exposed regions of the polymer film. The pattern was developed bypuddling the wafer under 20 mL of a limonene based solvent for 60seconds, spinning the wafer at 3000 rpm for 60 seconds to remove thesolvent puddle and then spraying the wafer with isopropyl alcohol for 10seconds to fix the pattern. The wafer was then placed in a Despatch LNDnitrogen oven and baked at 200° C. in order to complete the crosslinkingreaction.

Example 17 Imaging of Photodefinable Composition

A 2.5 g aliquot of the composition described in Example 11 was taken upin an Eppendorf pipette and applied to a 4 inch Silicon wafer. Thesilicon wafer was spun using a CEE 1000CB Wafer Spin Station at 500 rpmfor 10 seconds followed by spinning at 1000 rpm for 40 seconds. Thewafer was placed on a hot plate heated at 120° C. for 5 minutes to flashoff the residual solvent. The wafer was image-wise exposed to 500 mJ/cm²of 365 nm radiation through a patterned chrome plated glass mask on anAB M Mask Aligner. The wafer was heated at 115° C. for 15 minutes in aDespatch LND nitrogen oven to advance the crosslinking reaction in theexposed regions of the polymer film. The pattern was developed bypuddling the wafer under 20 mL of a limonene based solvent for 60seconds, spinning the wafer at 3000 rpm for 60 seconds to remove thesolvent puddle and then spraying the wafer with isopropyl alcohol for 10seconds to fix the pattern. The wafer was then placed in a Despatch LNDnitrogen oven and baked at 160° C. for 60 minutes in order to completethe crosslinking reaction.

Example 18 Imaging of Photodefinable Composition

A 2.5 g aliquot of the composition described in Example 14 was taken upin an Eppendorf pipette and applied to a 4 inch Silicon wafer. Thesilicon wafer was spun using a CEE 1000CB Wafer Spin Station at 500 rpmfor 10 seconds followed by spinning at 1000 rpm for 60 seconds. Thewafer was placed on a hot plate heated at 100° C. for 10 minutes toflash off the residual solvent. The wafer was imagewise exposed to 500mmJ/cm² at 365 nm radiation through a patterned chrome plated glass maskon an AB M Mask Aligner. The wafer was heated at 100° C. for 20 minutesin a Despatch LND nitrogen oven to advance the crosslinking reaction inthe exposed regions of the polymer film. The pattern was developed bypuddling the wafer under 20 mL of a limonene based solvent for 60seconds, spinning the wafer at 3000 rpm for 60 seconds to remove thesolvent puddle and then spraying the wafer with isopropyl alcohol for 10seconds to fix the pattern. The wafer was then placed in a Despatch LNDnitrogen oven and baked at 200° C. in order to complete the crosslinkingreaction.

Example 19 Imaging of Photodefinable Composition

A silicon oxynitride coated 4 inch silicon wafer was plasma treated in aMarch CS-1701 Reactive Ion Etch unit using a 50/50 Argon/oxygen gasmixture at 300 mTorr pressure and 300W power for 30 seconds. The cleanedwafer was placed on the chuck of a CEE 1000CB Wafer Spin Station andcovered with a 10 mL aliquot of a solution of an adhesion promoter(3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane) (5 weight % in ethanol/deionized water95/5). The wafer was kept static (0 rpm) for 60 seconds and the spun at3500 rpm for 60 seconds to remove the excess solution. The wafer wasbaked on a hot plate at 130° C. for 30 minutes, removed from the hotplate, rinsed with ethanol for 15 seconds and then dried at 100° C. for10 minutes. A 2.5 g aliquot of the resist composition described inExample 9 was taken up in an Eppendorf pipette and applied to a 4 inchSilicon wafer. The silicon wafer was spun using a CEE 1000CB Wafer SpinStation at 500 rpm for 10 seconds followed by spinning at 1000 rpm for60 seconds. The wafer was placed on a hot plate heated at 100° C. for 10minutes to flash off the residual solvent. The wafer was imagewiseexposed to 500 mJ/cm at 365 nm radiation through a patterned chromeplated glass mask on an AB M Mask Aligner. The wafer was heated at 100°C. for 20 minutes in a Despatch LND nitrogen oven to advance thecrosslinking reaction in the exposed regions of the polymer film. Thepattern was developed by puddling the wafer under 20 mL of a limonenebased solvent for 60 seconds, spinning the wafer at 3000 rpm for 60seconds to remove the solvent puddle and then spraying the wafer withisopropyl alcohol for 10 seconds to fix the pattern. The wafer was thenplaced in a Despatch LND nitrogen oven and baked at 200° C. in order tocomplete the crosslinking reaction.

Example 20 Imaging of Photodefinable Composition

A 2.5 g aliquot of the composition described in Example 13 was taken upin an Eppendorf pipette and applied to a 4 inch Silicon wafer. Thesilicon wafer was spun using a CEE 1000CB Wafer Spin Station at 500 rpmfor 10 seconds followed by spinning at 1000 rpm for 40 seconds. Thewafer was placed on a hot plate heated at 120° C. for 5 minutes to flashoff the residual solvent. The wafer was image-wise exposed to 500 mJ/cm²of 365 nm radiation through a patterned chrome plated glass mask on anAB M Mask Aligner. The wafer was heated at 115° C. for 15 minutes in aDespatch LND nitrogen oven to advance the crosslinking reaction in theexposed regions of the polymer film. The pattern was developed bypuddling the wafer under 20 mL of a limonene based solvent for 60seconds, spinning the wafer at 3000 rpm for 60 seconds to remove thesolvent puddle and then spraying the wafer with isopropyl alcohol for 10seconds to fix the pattern. The wafer was then placed in a Despatch LNDnitrogen oven and baked at 160° C. for 60 minutes in order to completethe crosslinking reaction.

Example 21 Spray Developing

In this example, a resist composition is formulated and imaged using thesame procedures, ingredients and amounts as set forth in Example 19. Thepattern is developed by spraying the wafer with the limonene baseddeveloper for 60 seconds and then with isopropyl alcohol for 10 seconds.The sample is cured at 200° C. as set forth above.

Example 22

This example demonstrates that the polymers contained in thecompositions of the present invention can be cured at a temperaturebelow the Tg of the polymer. A composition was formulated, imaged anddeveloped as set forth in Example 19. The final cure was carried out ina Despatch LND nitrogen oven at 160° C. for 1 hour. The polymercontained in the formulation had a Tg of 180° C. as measured by DMA. Thepolymer exhibited a Tg of approximately 255° C. after the final cure.

Example 23

A resist composition was formulated, imaged and developed as set forthin Example 15. The entire polymer film was then exposed to 500 mJ/cm² of365 nm UV radiation in a non-imagewise manner to induce the additionalcrosslinking of any unreacted epoxy groups. A final cure was carried outin a Despatch LND nitrogen oven at 120° C. for 2 hours. After curing thepolymer exhibited a Tg of approximately 257° C.

Example 24 Imaging of Photodefinable Composition

In this example, a composition was formulated as set forth in Example15. The photodefinable polymer composition was imaged and developedusing the same procedures as set forth in Example 19. The pattern wasdeveloped by spraying the wafer with the limonene based developer for 60seconds and then with isopropyl alcohol for 10 seconds. The imaged anddeveloped polymer sample was then exposed to 500 mJ/cm2 of 365 nm UVradiation. The sample was cured at 120° C. for 1 hour in a Despatch LNDnitrogen oven.

Example 25

In this example, the composition set forth in Example 9 was applied to asilicon wafer as follows. The wafer is placed on a flat, leveled tableand fixed in place with masking tape. A doctor blade with a nominal gapof 12 mils (300 microns) was placed adjacent to the wafer. 15 mL of thesolution was applied to one edge of the wafer. The doctor blade is drawnacross the wafer to uniformly spread the solution across the wafersurface. The wafers were placed in a nitrogen oven set at 90° C. andallowed to dry for 45 minutes. The wafers were then exposed imagewise to500 mJ/cm² of 365 nm UV radiation through a chrome plated glass mask.The wafers were returned to the nitrogen oven and baked at 90° C. for 20minutes to advance the crosslinking reaction. The pattern was developedby spraying the wafer for 90 seconds with a limonene-based developersolvent. The film was rinsed with isopropyl alcohol for 15 seconds tofix the image. A grid pattern of 300 micron diameter circular vias wasopened in the film.

Example 26 Imaging of Photodefinable Composition

In this example, a composition formulated as set forth in Example 9, wasapplied to two silicon oxynitride coated silicon wafers and exposedimagewise to 500 mJ/cm² of 365 nm radiation in the manner described inExample 16. The exposed wafers were then processed as follows:

Bake Wafer No. Temperature Bake Time 1  90° C. 20 minutes 2 120° C. 15minutes

The pattern was then developed by spraying the wafer with a limonenebased developer for 60 seconds and then rinsing with isopropyl alcoholfor 10 seconds to fix the pattern. The Wafers were then baked in anitrogen oven for 1 hour at 160° C. to complete the crosslinkingreaction. A pattern of 300 micron diameter circular vias was developedin the dielectric film. The wafers were broken so that Scanning ElectronMicroscopy could be performed. Through SEM imaging, the slope angles ofthe sidewalls of the 300 micron vias were measured and recorded asfollows:

Wafer # Side wall slope angle 1 78.4° 2 60.8°

In the application of polymer compositions as dielectric layers it isnecessary to open vias to permit the routing of electrical connectionsbetween the active IC chip and the substrate to which the IC isattached. Optimum reliability performance of these interconnects isachieved when the via openings possess sloped side walls which result inlower mechanical stresses accumulating in the metal wiring that passesthrough the vias. In existing compositions, such sloped sidewalls arethe product of shrinkage, on the order of 40–50%, of the resistcomposition during the final cure stage. It is a unique characteristicof this resist composition that sloped via sidewalls can be obtainedeven though minimal shrinkage, ˜10%, is observed during the final cure.

Example 27 Imaging of Photodefinable Composition

5 g of the polymer obtained in Example 4 is dissolved in 5 g ofelectronic grade mesitylene. The solution is rolled for 18 hours todissolve the polymer. The polymer solution is filtered through a0.45-micron filter to remove any particulates. To the solution is added0.15 g (0.148 mmol) of Rhodorsil® 2074 photoinitiator and 0.75 g (2.4mmol) of Speedcure® CTPX (Lambson Group Ltd.). The solution is rolledfor 18 hours to completely disperse the photoactive compounds. A inchsilicon oxynitride wafer is spin coated with 2.5 g of the polymersolution. The resulting coating is soft baked by heating at 100° C. on ahot plate for 10 minutes. The film is patterned by exposing it imagewiseto 500 mJ/cm² of 365 nm (I line) radiation through a chrome plated glassmask. The resulting pattern in the polymer film is enhanced by heatingthe wafer in a nitrogen oven at 100° C. for 20 minutes. The pattern isdeveloped by spraying the film with limonene for 60 seconds to dissolvethe unexposed regions of the film. The wet film is then rinsed withisopropyl alcohol for 15 seconds. The film is cured for 60 minutes at200° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere.

Example 28 Imaging of Photodefinable Composition

In this example, a composition is formulated, imaged and developed usingthe same procedures, ingredients and amounts as set forth in Example 26,except that the polymer synthesized in Example 4 is employed as thephotodefinable material.

Example 29 Imaging of Photodefinable Composition

In this example, a composition was formulated, imaged and developedusing the same procedures, ingredients and amounts as set forth inExample 27, except that the polymer synthesized in Example 7 wasemployed as the photodefinable material.

Example 30 Imaging of Photodefinable Composition

Imaging of a polymer film formulated and cast from the polymer obtainedin Example 9 was performed on a 4 inch diameter silicon oxynitridewafer. The wafer was subjected to successive rinses (30 seconds each)with chloroform, methanol, deionized water, and isopropyl alcohol. Eachof the solvent rinses was delivered from a polyethylene wash bottle.

Example 31 Imaging of Photodefinable Composition

The polymer (25 g) obtained in Example 9 was dissolved in 30.5 g ofmesitylene (Aldrich Chemical Co.) to achieve a 45% solids concentrationbased on the total weight of the polymer and solvent. 0.50 g (0.92 mmol)of DtBPI-TF di(tertbutylphenyl)iodonium triflate PAG (Toyo Gosei Co.Ltd.) and 0.25 g (1.2 mmol) of 9-methoxyanthracene where weighed out anddissolved in 5 mL of mesitylene. The solution resulting solution wasfiltered thorough a 0.22 micron syringe filter before addition to thepolymer solution. The solution containing the photoactive compounds wasrolled for 18 hours to completely disperse the constituents.

The polymer solution was applied to the cleaned wafer by dispensing 2.5grams of the solution onto the wafer surface. The wafer was then spun at500 rpm for ten seconds, followed by an addition spin cycle at 1000 rpmfor 60 seconds. The wafer was soft baked on a hot plate at 100° C. for10 minutes to remove residual solvent. The cast polymer film was exposedimagewise to 500 mJ/cm² of 365-nm radiation through a chrome metalplated glass mask. The cure was advanced by thermally baking the waferin a convection oven at 100° C. for 20 minutes under an atmosphere ofnitrogen gas. The pattern was then developed puddling the wafer with alimonene based developer solvent for 60 seconds. The wafer was spun at3000 rpm to throw off the solvent and partially dry the sample. Thedeveloped film was then rinsed with isopropyl alcohol and dried byheating on a hot plate at 100° C. for 60 seconds. With this procedurecircular vias with a diameter of 300 microns were opened through thefilm. The resulting patterned film was then cured at 200° C. for 1 hourin a convection oven under an atmosphere of nitrogen in order to advancethe cure of the epoxy crosslinking groups to completion.

Example 32 Imaging of Photodefinable Composition

A polymer solution containing 45% solids similar to the composition inExample 30 was formulated except that a 70/30 copolymer containingrepeating units polymerized from decyl norbornene/glycidyl methyl ethernorbornene was utilized. A solvent rinsed silicon oxynitride wafer wasexposed to an oxygen/argon plasma (50/50) for sixty seconds in a MarchCS-1701 R.I.E. Plasma Etcher powered by a Seren R600 operating at 13.56MHz. The etched wafer was then mounted on the spin chuck of a BrewerScience Model 100CB spinner. A solution of adhesion promoter (preparedby dissolving a 10 ml aliquot of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane in 200 mlof ethanol/deionized water (95/5) solution and aged for 1 hour atambient temperature) was applied to the wafer by puddling 15 ml of thesolution on the wafer surface and holding the wafer static for sixtyseconds. The wafer was then spun at 3500 rpm for sixty seconds. Duringthe first fifteen seconds of the spin cycle the wafer surface was rinsedwith 50 ml of an ethanol/water (95/5) solution. The wafer was then driedon a hot plate at 100° C. for sixty seconds. The solution was applied tothe treated wafer by dispensing 2 g of the solution onto the staticwafer surface. The wafer was then spun at 500 rpm for ten secondsfollowed by an additional spin cycle at 1500 rpm for forty seconds. Thewafer was transferred to a hot plate where it was soft baked at 100° C.for 20 minutes to remove residual solvent. The resulting polymer filmwas measured by profilometry and found to be 25 microns thick. Thepolymer film was patterned by exposing it to 500 mJ/cm² of 365 nmradiation through a metallized glass mask. The pattern was advanced bythermally baking the wafer in a convection oven at 100° C. for 20minutes under an atmosphere of nitrogen gas. The film was sprayed with alimonene based developer solvent for 60 seconds to develop the pattern.The wet film was then rinsed with isopropyl alcohol and dried by heatingon a hot plate for 60 seconds at 100° C. The developed pattern gave 50to 300 μM via openings with a resolution down to an aspect ratio of 2:1via diameter: film thickness. The patterned film was then cured at 200°C. for 1 hour in a convection oven under an atmosphere of nitrogen inorder to advance the cure of the epoxy crosslinking groups tocompletion.

Example 33 Imaging of Photodefinable Composition

The same composition utilized in Example 32 was applied to applied to asilicon oxynitride wafer and imaged utilizing the same procedures setforth in Example 32 except that the wafer was treated with a differentadhesion promoter. A 2-micron thick layer of a photosensitive polyimide(PI 2771 available from HD Microsystems) was applied to the wafersurface, patterned, developed and cured according to the processingguidelines for the polyimide material. The wafer was exposed to anoxygen/argon plasma (50/50 feed ratio) using a 96 sccm/second feed rate,for sixty seconds. The patterned, developed and cured coating contained50 to 300 μM via openings with a resolution down to an aspect ratio of2:1 via diameter:film thickness.

The present invention has been described with reference to specificdetails of particular embodiments thereof. It is not intended that suchdetails be regarded as limitations upon the scope of the inventionexcept insofar as and to the extent that they are included in theaccompanying claims.

1. A photodefinable dielectric composition comprising: a copolymercomposition comprising a vinyl addition copolymer comprised of two ormore repeat units having structural formula I:

wherein X is selected from —CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂— and O; m is an integer from0 to 5; and each occurrence of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is independentlyselected from one of the following groups: H, C₁ to C₂₅ linear, branchedand cyclic alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, alkenyl and alkynyl; C₁ to C₂₅linear, branched and cyclic alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, alkenyl andalkynyl containing one or more hetero atoms selected from O, N, and Si;an epoxy containing group of structural formula II:

wherein A is a linking group selected from C₁ to C₆ linear, branched andcyclic alkylene and R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from H,methyl and ethyl; an epoxy containing group of structural formula III:

wherein p is an integer of from zero to 6, R²³ and R²⁴ are as definedabove, and each occurrence of R²¹ and R²² are independently selectedfrom H, methyl and ethyl; —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OR⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OR⁶,—(CH₂)_(n)OR⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)OC(O)R⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)R⁶, and—(CH₂)_(n)OC(O)OR⁶; and any combination of two of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴linked together by a linking group selected from C₁ to C₂₅ linear,branched and cyclic alkylene and alkylene aryl, wherein n is an integerof from 1 to 25, R⁵ is an acid labile group and R⁶ is selected from H,C₁ to C₆ linear, branched and cyclic alkyl, an epoxy containing group ofstructural formula II as defined above; and wherein a portion of therepeat units have the epoxy containing group of structural formula IIwhere such epoxy functional group is a glycidyl methyl ether pendantgroup; and a material that photonically forms a catalyst.
 2. Aphotodefinable dielectric composition comprising: a copolymercomposition including a vinyl addition copolymer comprising two or morerepeat units having structural formula I:

wherein X is selected from —CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂— and O; m is an integer from0 to 5; and each occurrence of R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ is independentlyselected from one of the following groups: H, C₁ to C₂₅ linear, branchedand cyclic alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, alkenyl and alkynyl; C₁ to C₂₅linear, branched and cyclic alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, alkenyl andalkynyl containing one or more hetero atoms selected from O, N, and Si;an epoxy containing group of structural formula II:

wherein A is a linking group selected from C₁ to C₆ linear, branched andcyclic alkylene and R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from H,methyl and ethyl; an epoxy containing group of structural formula III:

wherein p is an integer of from zero to 6, R²³ and R²⁴ are as definedabove, and each occurrence of R²¹ and R²² are independently selectedfrom H, methyl and ethyl; —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OR⁵, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)OR⁶,—(CH₂)_(n)OR⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)OC(O)R⁶, —(CH₂)_(n)C(O)R⁶, and—(CH₂)_(n)OC(O)OR⁶; wherein R⁵ is an acid labile group and R⁶ isselected from H, C₁ to C₆ linear, branched and cyclic alkyl, an epoxycontaining group of structural formula II as defined above; anycombination of two of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ linked together by a linkinggroup selected from C₁ to C₂₅ linear, branched and cyclic alkylene andalkylene aryl, wherein n is an integer of from 1 to 25; and up to 25mole % of one or more repeat units where R⁵ is selected from the groupconsisting of —C(CH₃)₃, —Si(CH₃)₃, —CH(R⁷)CH₂CH₃, —CH(R⁷)C(CH₃)₃,dicyclopropylmethyl, dimethylcyclopropylmethyl, and a compound describedby one or more of structural units IV–X:

wherein X is defined as above, y is 0, 1 or 2; and R⁷ is selected from Hand C₁ to C₆ linear, branched and cyclic alkyl; wherein from 20 mole %to 60 mole % of the repeat units have the epoxy containing group ofstructural formula II where such epoxy functional group is a glycidylmethyl ether pendant group; the copolymer has a glass transitiontemperature of from 170° C. to 400° C.; and the weight average molecularweight of the copolymer is from 50,000 to 140,000 as determined by gelpermeation chromatography using poly(norbornene) standards; one or morephotoacid generators; one or more photosensitizers; optionally one ormore adhesion promoters comprising one or more compounds described bystructural unit XVI:

wherein z is 0, 1 or 2; R⁸ is a linking group selected from C₁ to C₂₀linear, branched and cyclic alkylene, alkylene oxide containing from 2to 6 carbon atoms and poly(alkylene oxide), wherein the alkylene portionof the repeat groups contain from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and thepoly(alkylene oxide) has a molecular weight of from 50 to 1,000; eachoccurrence of R⁹ is independently selected from C₁ to C₄ linear andbranched, alkyl and each occurrence of R¹⁸ is selected from H and C₁ toC₄ linear and branched alkyl; and optionally a solvent comprisingreactive and non-reactive compounds selected from hydrocarbon solvents,aromatic solvents, cycloaliphatic cyclic ethers, cyclic ethers,acetates, esters, lactones, ketones, amides, cycloaliphatic vinylethers, aromatic vinyl ethers, cyclic carbonates, 1,4-butanediol divinylether, 1,6-hexanediol divinyl ether, 1,8-octanediol divinyl ether,1,4-dimethanolcyclohexane divinyl ether, 1,2-ethylene glycol divinylether, 1,3-propylene glycol divinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, propylvinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinyl ether, cyclohexyl vinylether, octyl vinyl ether, decyl vinyl ether, dodecyl vinyl ether,octadecyl vinyl ether, 1,4-butanediol vinyl ether, 1,6-hexanediol vinylether, 1,8-octanediol vinyl ether, compounds described by structuralunits XVII and XVIII:CH₂═CH—O—R¹⁰—O—CH═CH₂  (XVII)CH₂═CH—O—R¹¹  (XVIII) wherein R¹⁰ is a linking group selected from C₁ toC₂₀ linear, branched and cyclic alkylene, arylene and alkylene aryl,alkylene oxide containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and poly(alkyleneoxide), wherein the alkylene portion of the repeat groups contain from 2to 6 carbon atoms and the poly(alkylene oxide) has a molecular weight offrom 50 to 1,000; R¹¹ is C₁ to C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl or alkylol;and mixtures thereof.
 3. The photodefinable dielectric compositionaccording to claim 2, wherein the adhesion promoter comprises3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane.
 4. The photodefinable dielectriccomposition according to claim 2, wherein the solvent comprises1,4-dimethanolcyclohexane divinyl ether.
 5. A photodefinable dielectriccomposition comprising a copolymer resulting from polymerizing a monomermixture comprising 65 to 75 mole % decyl norbornene and from 25 to 35mole % glycidyl methyl ether norbornene; a solvent comprisingdecahydronaphthalene; a photoacid generator comprising(4-methylphenyl-4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl iodoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate; a photosensitizer comprising1-chloro-4-propoxy-9H-thioxanthone; an antioxidant comprising3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate; an adhesion promotercomprising 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane; and a reactive solventcomprising 1,4-dimethanolcyclohexane divinyl ether.
 6. The compositionof claim 1, wherein the material that photonically forms a catalyst is aphotoacid generator.
 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein thephotoacid generator comprises one or more compounds selected from thegroup consisting of onium salts, halogen-containing compounds, andsulfonates.
 8. The composition of claim 6, wherein the photoacidgenerator comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of4,4′-di-tertiary butyl phenyl iodonium triflate; 4,4′,4″-tris(tertiarybutylphenyl)sulphonium triflate; diphenyliodoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)sulphonium borate;triarylsulphonium-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-borate; triphenylsulfoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)sulphonium borate; 4,4′-di-tertiary butylphenyl iodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate; tris(tertiarybutylphenyl)sulphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate and(4-methylphenyl-4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl iodoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate.
 9. The composition of claim 6,wherein the photoacid generator is present at from 0.1 to 10 percent byweight of the composition.
 10. The composition of claim 1, furthercomprising one or more components selected from the group consisting ofone or more sensitizer components, one or more solvents, one or morecatalyst scavengers, one or more adhesion promoters, one or moreantioxidants, one or more fire retardants, one or more stabilizers, oneor more reactive diluents and one or more plasticizers.
 11. Thecomposition of claim 10, wherein the sensitizer component comprises oneor more selected from the group consisting of anthracenes,phenanthrenes, chrysenes, benzpyrenes, fluoranthenes, rubrenes, pyrenes,xanthones, indanthrenes and thioxanthen-9-ones.
 12. The composition ofclaim 10, wherein the sensitizer component comprises one or moreselected from the group consisting of 2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one,4-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one, 1-chloro-4-propoxythioxanthone, andphenothiazine.
 13. The composition of claim 10, wherein the materialthat photonically forms a catalyst is a photoacid generator and thesensitizer component is present at from 0.1 to 10 percent by weight ofthe composition.
 14. The composition of claim 10, wherein the catalystscavenger is an acid scavenger.
 15. The composition of claim 14, whereinthe acid scavenger component is selected from one or more secondaryamines and tertiary amines.
 16. The composition of claim 14, wherein theacid scavenger component comprises one or more selected from the groupconsisting of pyridine, phenothiazine, tri(n-propyl amine),triethylamine, and lutidine in any of its isomeric forms.
 17. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the material that photonically forms acatalyst is a photoacid generator and the acid scavenger is present atfrom 0.1 to 5 parts per part of photoacid generator.
 18. The compositionof claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises reactive and non-reactivecompounds selected from hydrocarbon solvents, aromatic solvents,cycloaliphatic cyclic ethers, cyclic ethers, acetates, esters, lactones,ketones, amides, cycloaliphatic vinyl ethers, aromatic vinyl ethers,cyclic carbonates, and mixtures thereof.
 19. The composition of claim 1,wherein the solvent comprises reactive and non-reactive compoundsselected from the group consisting of cyclohexane, benzene, toluene,xylene, mesitylene, tetrahydrofuran, anisole, cyclohexene oxide,α-pinene oxide,2,2′-[methylenebis(4,1-phenyleneoxymethylene)]bis-oxirane,1,4-dimethanolcyclohexane divinyl ether, bis(4-vinyloxyphenyl)methane,cyclohexanone and decalin.
 20. The composition of claim 10, wherein theadhesion promoter comprises one or more compounds described bystructural unit XVI:

wherein z is 0, 1 or 2; R⁸ is a linking group selected from C₁ to C₂₀linear, branched and cyclic alkylene, alkylene oxide containing from 2to 6 carbon atoms and poly(alkylene oxide), wherein the alkylene portionof the repeat groups contain from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and thepoly(alkylene oxide) has a molecular weight of from 50 to 1,000; eachoccurrence of R⁹ is independently selected from C₁ to C₄ linear andbranched alkyl, and each occurrence of R¹⁸ is selected from H and C₁ toC₄ linear and branched alkyl.
 21. The composition of claim 10, whereinthe reactive diluent comprises one or more compounds selected fromepoxides and compounds described by structural units XVII and XVIII:CH₂═CH—O—R¹⁰—O—CH═CH₂  (XVII)CH₂═CH—O—R¹¹  (XVIII) wherein R¹⁰ is a linking group selected from C₁ toC₂₀ linear, branched and cyclic alkylene, arylene and alkylene aryl,alkylene oxide containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, poly(alkyleneoxide), wherein the alkylene portion of the repeat groups contain from 2to 6 carbon atoms and the poly(alkylene oxide) has a molecular weight offrom 50 to 1,000, —[—R¹³—N—C(O)—O—]_(m)—R¹³—, wherein each occurrence ofR¹³ is independently selected from C₁ to C₂₀ linear, branched and cyclicalkylene, arylene and alkylene aryl and m is an integer of from 1 to 20;and R¹¹ is selected from C₁ to C₂₀ linear and branched, alkyl andalkylol.
 22. The composition of claim 10, wherein the one or morereactive diluents comprise diluents selected from the group consistingof 1,4-butanediol divinyl ether, 1,6-hexanediol divinyl ether,1,8-octanediol divinyl ether, 1,4-dimethanolcyclohexane divinyl ether,1,2-ethylene glycol divinyl ether, 1,3-propylene glycol divinyl ether,ethyl vinyl ether, propyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinylether, cyclohexyl vinyl ether, octyl vinyl ether, decyl vinyl ether,dodecyl vinyl ether, octadecyl vinyl ether, 1,4-butanediol vinyl ether,1,6-hexanediol vinyl ether and 1,8-octanediol vinyl ether.
 23. A low Kcomposition comprising the photodefinable dielectric composition ofclaim
 1. 24. The low K composition of claim 23, wherein the compositionhas a dielectric constant of less than 3.3.
 25. The composition of claim1, wherein the acid labile group R⁵ selected from the group consistingof —C(CH₃)₃, —Si(CH₃)₃, —CH(R⁷)CH₂CH₃, —CH(R⁷)C(CH₃)₃,dicyclopropylmethyl, dimethylcyclopropylmethyl, and a compound describedby one or more of structural formulas IV–X:

wherein R⁷ is selected from H and C₁ to C₆ linear, branched and cyclicalkyl.
 26. The composition of claim 1, wherein the copolymer furthercomprises one or more repeat units selected from repeat units havingstructural units XI–XV:

wherein X is defined as above; y is 0, 1 or 2; R¹² is selected from C₁to C₆ linear, branched and cyclic alkyl; and R¹⁵ is selected from H andC₁ to C₄ linear and branched alkyl.
 27. The composition of claim 1,wherein the repeat units having structural formula I containing an epoxyfunctional group comprise from 15 mole % to 95 mole % of the copolymer.28. The composition of claim 27, wherein the copolymer has a moistureabsorption of less than 2 weight percent and a dielectric constant ofless than 3.3.
 29. The composition of claim 1, wherein the repeat unitshaving structural formula I containing an epoxy functional groupcomprise from 20 mole % to 60 mole % of the copolymer.
 30. Thecomposition of claim 29, wherein the copolymer has a moisture absorptionof less than 0.8 weight percent and a dielectric constant of less than2.9.
 31. The composition of claim 1, wherein the copolymer has a modulusof from 0.1 GPa to 3 GPa.
 32. The composition of claim 1, wherein thecopolymer has a glass transition temperature of from 170° C. to 350° C.33. The composition of claim 1, wherein the weight average molecularweight of the copolymer is from 10,000 to 500,000 as determined by gelpermeation chromatography using poly(norbornene) standards.
 34. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the weight average molecular weight ofthe copolymer is from 70,000 to 250,000.
 35. The composition of claim 1,further comprising a solvent selected from reactive and non-reactivecompounds in the group consisting of hydrocarbon solvents, aromaticsolvents, cycloaliphatic cyclic ethers, cyclic ethers, acetates, esters,lactones, ketones, amides, aliphatic mono-vinyl ethers, aliphaticmulti-vinyl ethers, cycloaliphatic mono-vinyl ethers, cycloaliphaticmulti-vinyl ethers, aromatic mono-vinyl ethers, aromatic multi-vinylethers, cyclic carbonates, and mixtures thereof.
 36. The composition ofclaim 35, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting ofcyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, tetrahydrofuran,anisole, terpenoids, cyclohexene oxide, α-pinene oxide,2,2′-[methylenebis(4,1-phenyleneoxymethylene)]bis-oxirane,1,4-dimethanolcyclohexane divinyl ether, bis(4-vinyloxyphenyl)methane,cyclohexanone and decalin.
 37. The composition of claim 1, wherein thecopolymer is a copolymer comprising 65–75 mole % of a first repeat unitof structural formula I, wherein R¹, R², and R³ are H, and R⁴ is decyl,and 25–35 mole % of a second repeat unit of structural formula I,wherein R¹, R² and R³ are H, and R⁴ is an epoxy containing group ofstructural formula II, wherein A is methylene and R²³ and R²⁴ are H. 38.A low K composition comprising the copolymer composition of claim 2having a dielectric constant of less than 3.3.
 39. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein the repeat units having structural formula I containingan epoxy functional group comprise from 25 mole % to 35 mole % of thecopolymer.
 40. The composition of claim 39, wherein the copolymer has amoisture absorption of less than 0.3 weight percent and a dielectricconstant of less than 2.6.
 41. The composition of claim 2, wherein thecopolymer has a modulus of from 0.1 GPa to 3 GPa.
 42. The composition ofclaim 2, wherein the weight average molecular weight of the copolymer isfrom 80,000 to 140,000.
 43. The composition of claim 2, furthercomprising a solvent selected from reactive and non-reactive compoundsin the group consisting of hydrocarbon solvents, aromatic solvents,cycloaliphatic cyclic ethers, cyclic ethers, acetates, esters, lactones,ketones, amides, aliphatic mono-vinyl ethers, aliphatic multi-vinylethers, cycloaliphatic mono-vinyl ethers, cycloaliphatic multi-vinylethers, aromatic mono-vinyl ethers, aromatic multi-vinyl ethers, cycliccarbonates and mixtures thereof.
 44. The composition of claim 43,wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting ofcyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, tetrahydrofuran,anisole, terpenoids, cyclohexene oxide, α-pinene oxide,2,2′-[methylenebis(4,1-phenyleneoxymethylene)]bis-oxirane,1,4-dimethanolcyclohexane divinyl ether, bis(4-vinyloxyphenyl)methane,cyclohexanone and decalin.
 45. The composition of claim 2, wherein thephotoacid generator comprises one or more compounds selected from thegroup consisting of onium salts, halogen-containing compounds andsulfonates.
 46. The composition of claim 2, wherein the photoacidgenerator comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of4,4′-di-tertiary butyl phenyl iodonium triflate; 4,4′,4″-tris(tertiarybutylphenyl)sulphonium triflate; diphenyliodoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)sulphonium borate;triarylsulphonium-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-borate; triphenylsulfoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)sulphonium borate; 4,4′-di-tertiary butylphenyl iodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate; tris(tertiarybutylphenyl)sulphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate and(4-methylphenyl-4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl iodoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate.
 47. The composition of claim 2,wherein the photoacid generator is present at from 0.1 to 10 percent byweight of the composition.
 48. The composition of claim 2, furthercomprising one or more components selected from the group consisting ofone or more sensitizer components, one or more solvents, one or morecatalyst scavengers, one or more antioxidants, one or more fireretardants, one or more stabilizers, one or more reactive diluents andone or more plasticizers.
 49. The composition of claim 48, wherein thesensitizer component comprises one or more selected from the groupconsisting of anthracenes, phenanthrenes, chrysenes, benzpyrenes,fluoranthenes, rubrenes, pyrenes, xanthones, indanthrenes, andthioxanthen-9-ones.
 50. The composition of claim 48, wherein thesensitizer component comprises one or more selected from the groupconsisting of 2-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one,4-isopropyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one, 1-chloro-4-propoxythioxanthone, andphenothiazine.
 51. The composition of claim 48, wherein the reactivediluent comprises one or more compounds selected from epoxides andcompounds described by structural units XVII and XVIII:CH₂═CH—O—R¹⁰—O—CH═CH₂  (XVII)CH₂═CH—O—R¹¹  (XVIII) wherein R¹⁰ is a linking group selected from C₁ toC₂₀ linear, branched and cyclic alkylene, arylene and alkylene aryl,alkylene oxide containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, poly(alkyleneoxide), wherein the alkylene portion of the repeat groups contain from 2to 6 carbon atoms and the poly(alkylene oxide) has a molecular weight offrom 50 to 1,000, —[—R¹³—N—C(O)—O—]_(m)—R¹³—, wherein each occurrence ofR¹³ is independently selected from C₁ to C₂₀ linear, branched and cyclicalkylene, arylene and alkylene aryl and m is an integer of from 1 to 20;and R¹¹ is selected from C₁ to C₂₀ linear and branched, alkyl andalkylol.
 52. The composition of claim 48, wherein the one or morereactive diluents comprise diluents selected from the group consistingof 1,4-butanediol divinyl ether, 1,6-hexanediol divinyl ether,1,8-octanediol divinyl ether, 1,4-dimethanolcyclohexane divinyl ether,1,2-ethylene glycol divinyl ether, 1,3-propylene glycol divinyl ether,ethyl vinyl ether, propyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinylether, cyclohexyl vinyl ether, octyl vinyl ether, decyl vinyl ether,dodecyl vinyl ether, octadecyl vinyl ether, 1,4-butanediol vinyl ether,1,6-hexanediol vinyl ether and 1,8-octanediol vinyl ether.